Describe marketing techniques used in a business Free Essays

Pl Describe showcasing strategies utilized in a business kayaks Marks Spencer Marketing Strategy Facets Company diagram Marks and Spencer (MS) is one of the Auk’s biggest and longest enduring brands and High Street retailers in the private area. From humble beginnings in 1884 as a little bazaar, the store saw itself develop into the Auk’s advertise pioneer In quality garments retailing up until rand backtalk, anyway more as of late, the organization has endured sequential falls in garments and food deals throughout the last twelve quarters. While it despite everything holds a good 11% of the piece of the overall industry there are worries that this rate sick keep on contracting as rivalry increments from different garments and way of life retailers. We will compose a custom article test on Portray showcasing methods utilized in a business or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now MS’s challenge is to recover its development It was once eminent for. M development procedures through market entrance Market infiltration is the place an association builds its piece of the overall industry of a current item or administration. Store repair. Mindful that their image had gotten worn out, in 2011 M spent Been on store repairs to give their clients a superior shopping experience. This included giving more space to the client and all the more evolving rooms. Enlistment of new staff for leader branches and arrangement f quality preparing for most extreme consumer loyalty and a more close to home assistance than It has ever given before. Opening of 150 more M food just stores across the nation in the following three years to contend in the little supermarket’s industry. MS development methodologies through item advancement Product improvement is the place an organization puts up another item or administration for sale to the public or improves a current item or administration. MS were initially known for dress items; anyway they currently have a wide scope of items and administrations to fulfill their client needs. Presentation of new intriguing and assorted arranged food, for instance acquaintance of haggis with all food stores. Arrangement of value cafeâ © offices in its principle stores so clients were slanted to invest more energy and cash in the stores. Presentation of new item ranges, for example, birthday cards and In-house fashioner ranges. Dispatch of the new Ms. mother as immediate rivalry to Next web based, bringing another strategy for looking for its current clients. MS development systems through market advancement Market improvement Is the place an association advances Its current items or shows up in another market, e. G. Abroad, for instance. With potential for more than 250 new 1 OFF their item goes arrive at a more extensive client base. Development of their establishment business in Western Europe. Dispatch of MS. com will give a world wide reach to clients for most extreme market advancement. MS development methodologies through enhancement Diversification is the place an association produces items or administrations which are totally different to its center exercises, with the goal that new items/administrations are being acquainted with new markets. MS have presented their own bank and have pulled in various clients keen on an option in contrast to the fundamental high road banks. The organization has propelled its own mail request administration nearby new endowments, hamper and blossoms online business. Presentation of pet/vehicle/home/go protection to contend in the protection advertise. Clients would now be able to deal with their family vitality arrangement through meanderer’s. Com as the organization rivals other brand service organizations. M endurance techniques An endurance methodology is the place an association decreases expenses or curtails to either just get by overall business or recoup in parts of their activities. M’s penny piece of the pie decrease has made senior administration audit their flexibly bind efficiencies to improve edges at every possible opportunity. The organization is continually hoping to decrease costs any place they can. Re-appropriating of conveyance administrations. The organization is endeavoring to look for quality textures at lower costs with its providers. MS marking methodologies Branding is the place an organization has a steady subject which is handily perceived by its clients. MS has fabricated its notoriety on quality and trust fortified by its â€Å"Only MS† crusade † Leading entertainers and characters have been enlisted to restore natural yet yearning characteristics to advance the brand through a progression of TV, magazine and bulletin ads. MS highly esteems its discount administration and has manufactured a notoriety of continually giving clients either discounts or store vouchers paying little mind to how old the thing they return is. Their ongoing multi year birthday had a huge impact in their image advancement, expanding on wistfulness and trust from its esteemed clients. MS relationship promoting techniques Relationship advertising is the place an association centers around the drawn out charges it has with a client by recognizing their requirements and giving items and administrations which fulfill those necessities. The arrangement of MS reliability cards has given a superb stage to assortment of client information which the organization those requirements. MS have a great preparing software engineer where its staff are instructed how to become ‘closer’ to the client so as to give them items and administrations they may not as of now know about e. G. The job of the individual customer. MS banking use relationship advertising methodologies to give money related items to all regions of a customer’s needs. Step by step instructions to refer to Describe showcasing procedures utilized in a business, Papers

Developing a Framework for Responsible Innovation

Question: Basically investigate the seven measurements inside a key advancement system to create an arrangement of results that drive development in your picked association? Answer: Presentation In this paper, a basic report has been led to investigate the seven components of the structure of development methodology of the prestigious UK Company Marks Spencer. Imprints Spencer is a significant retail location network, which was established in Leeds, UK in 1884, however by and by its amasses been set up everywhere throughout the world (Corporate.marksandspencer.com 2016). Established in 1884 by Michael Marks as only a little retail location in Leeds showcase, and later joined by Thomas Spencer in 1894, it has now gotten one of the universes biggest retail locations (Waller and Sag 2014). After the establishing the store, Marks primary point was to convey sturdy items at an extremely modest however sensible cost. The organization bit by bit became during that time and at present it has now in excess of 500 working stores the world over (planareport.marksandspencer.com 2016). Before all else, the organization just sold garments, food items and some extravagance merchandise yet at present they sell wide scope of items including fixed, family and different products. This article gives the thoughts with respect to the key system followed by Marks Spencer, the quality and shortcoming of the technique and the general estimates taken by the organization. This article likewise fundamentally examinations the activities and developments done by the organization. Study on development technique structure of Marks Spencer Imprints Spencer follow a severe seven-overlay key development structure. This structure has to a great extent helped in the development of the organization from a little retail outlet in Leeds market to a global retail location having branches everywhere throughout the world (Anderson et al. 2014). An advancement structure causes an organization to grow new items as per people groups needs and furthermore bring new thoughts for the administration and creation divisions (Tidd 2014). The seven elements of advancement system followed by Marks Spencer are as per the following: The executives of Innovation Procedure: According to examination by Davenport (2013), oversaw development is essential for the organization to look past the current needs of individuals and make advancements that will draw in more clients to purchase the items. Advanced developments are fundamental for an organization to stay up with the changing worldwide markets and challenge the contenders. Arrangement to Strategy: Cassia et al. (2012) opined that, key individuals and investors of the organization predominantly follow this, which includes adhering to the fundamental objectives and rules of the organization. They offer help and eagerness for the laborers and different individuals from the organization to follow the vision and essential systems of the organization to deal with the market (Stilgoe et al. 2013). Industry and Market Foresight: According to Anderson et al. (2014), this is critical to monitor the adjustments in innovation and creations utilized in the ventures for the gracefully of new materials. What's more, a decent market premonition is fundamental to comprehend the progressions in worldwide markets and people groups needs. This additionally helps in carrying reasonable changes inside the organization to endure even inside extreme rivalry from rival organizations (Rubalcaba et al. 2012). Shopper Insight: Estampe et al. (2013) says this is significant for an organization to assess clients needs and sell items in like manner. This aides in keeping up a solid client base and drawing in much more clients if the nature of items is acceptable and the cost inside the span of general mass. Center Technologies: This is fundamentally the ability of an organization to use most recent accessible advancements to fabricate results of best quality. This is likewise required to satisfy clients need, keep up a decent client base, and contend with rival organizations in a changing worldwide market (Waller and Sag 2014). Composed Management: According to Kiron et al. (2013), a sorted out administration encourages an organization to take a shot at developments and new thoughts and execute a composed and suitable advertising system. A composed administration is likewise expected to deal with the money related and operational parts of the organization. Restrained Implementation: Kahn et al. (2012) opined that, achievement of new thoughts and techniques rely upon the trained methodology of the organization towards executing advancements and thoughts in the worldwide market. There is an almost negligible difference of contrast among development and advancement. Development alludes to the formation of something new not accessible already, while advancement chiefly alludes to another plan to deliberately improve a creation or a specific creation. To put it plainly, creation is another thought and advancement is the key execution of that thought (Zott and Amit 2015). Development is expected to progress innovatively and stay up with evolving times. Development is expected to improve quality or usefulness of an item or even present a current item in a totally new bundle to draw in new clients (Davenport 2013). Various organizations have alternate points of view on the utilization of advancements. A few organizations think advancement implies growing new items and present new things in the worldwide markets, while to other people, development is principally improvement of previously existing items and selling them in new bundles in a practical way (Rubalcaba et al. 2012). Likewise, a few organizations don't depend much on advancements to keep up a specific brand esteem (Estampe et al. 2013). Imprints Spencer confronted a decrease in the late twentieth century because of this approach of not tolerating developments or new advancements and proceeding to have confidence in their ordinary and modest brand items (Stilgoe et al. 2013). Over the most recent couple of years, they changed this approach, acquired new advancements, and utilized new procedures and developments to forestall the progressive decrease and increment their image esteem once more (Corporate.marksandspencer.com 2016). At present, Marks Spencer follows four systems of advancement strategy. Food Waste: The organization means to direct a few analyses and contextual analyses to comprehend the genuine purposes for food wastage by their clients and the gracefully chain retailers. They likewise intend to acquaint with new strategies to lessen food wastage and flexibly more food to good cause (Cassia et al. 2012). Roundabout Economy System: Marks Spencer means to assess the chances of roundabout economy framework in the worldwide market. As a piece of the arrangement, they mean to assess the suitability of business whenever reused squander materials are utilized for creation of new items (Kahn et al. 2012). Strategy of Circular Economy: By 2016, Marks Spencer expect to build a strategical arrangement to actualize round economy framework and make a manageable economy (Estampe et al. 2013). Material Recovery: The Company will lead a venture in a joint effort with a few presumed colleges to direct a study to expand the worth and the volume of material items recuperation. This arrangement is still in progress and the undertaking is yet to begin (Klionsky et al. 2012). Imprints Spencer has likewise chalked out a few advancement methodologies to be applied in the business sectors. The principle parts of their arrangements are as per the following: New Innovation Plan: The organization expects to dispatch another development intend to take care of their specialized issues and make new objectives and difficulties to stay aware of the rivalries of the adversary organizations. They likewise intend to produce new organizations and joint efforts to build the budgetary help and choices to fathom the principle specialized issues (Kiron et al. 2013). Universal Learning Stores: Within a couple of years, the organization will open a few new learning stores in different pieces of the world to study the neighborhood market and requests. This will step by step help the organization to grab hold of the nearby markets (Kahn et al. 2012). Supportable Merchandize: The organization plans to deliver new items and merchandize that will be reasonable and cost-accommodating (Davenport 2013). Off-site Construction: By 2016, Marks Spencer means to start a few off-site developments including nearby establishment of building parts. This can help in decrease of waste and increment of proficiency. The organization expects to assess the adequacy and proficiency of the off-site developments and, in time, will set up a report to suggest its future utilization (Cassia et al. 2012). Building Information Model (BIM): The Company additionally intends to contemplate the adequacy of BIM and assess how the organization can utilize it in future. As indicated by the BIM model, a structure can be planned in three measurements, remembering the potential issues and adequacy (Estampe et al. 2013). Atmosphere Adaptation of Stores: Within a couple of years, Marks Spencer intends to survey the climatic changes in the store areas and structure a key intend to adjust the store as indicated by the atmosphere (Owen et al. 2013). Impartial Carbon Operations: Marks Spencer intends to keep up carbon lack of bias so as to proceed with tasks in a situation agreeable way. This activity is intended to be applied worldwide in all stores and manufacturing plants of the organization, in a joint effort with all the partners (Kiron et al. 2013). As per the companys reports, this will make Marks Spencer the greatest retailer on the planet with carbon impartial tasks internationally. Steps have been as of now taken by the organization to diminish CO2 discharge. Steps have likewise been taken to diminish discharge of squanders and debased water. Emanation of CO2 has been decreased from lighting, cooling and warming (Klionsky et al. 2012). Other than all these advancement plans and exercises, Marks Spencer has structured an exacting administration plan for fruitful running and development of the organization. The primary standards of this structure are advancement, uprightness, intouch and motivation (Estampe et al. 2013). The official board of trustees of the organization meets at regular intervals to chalk new systems, oversee progressing plans and give initiative to the

Non Print Media On Education Education Essay

Non Print Media On Education Essay The positive effect of non-print media on instruction is progressively significant among understudies who are attempting to learn English in school settings. As Aufderheide (1993) claims, media impacts people groups comprehension of social reality. Specifically, non-print media has a cozy relationship with contemporary innovation which understudies approach in their day by day life. The worth, conviction and comprehension of the world perspectives might be developed from non-print media. For instance, the main point is that their interest in online talk furnishes a valuable chance to speak with individuals in the entire world to improve their language articulation and develop the world perspectives. Besides, remarking on fan fiction preparing and assessing on the web data are advantageous for understudies to impart insights and create basic reasoning. Thirdly, playing computer games, here and there, creates understudies account considerations, which is useful for improving their comp osed sytheses. Consequently, we have to perceive the certified joys and advantages understudies get from non-print media. Contrasted and the past blog 3, I place an accentuation on the educators input this time. The educator will encourage understudies language structures which will be utilized in photograph inscriptions and use non-print media, for example, film fragments and photographs to control understudies. At the point when understudies comprehend what they have to do in the last introduction, they will give more consideration to non-print media adequately in the readiness stages and steadily find non-print media helping their language learning. Barthes (1968) shows that a writerly message has different implications, and it expects individuals to effectively investigate and value it. Understudies are approached to make photograph collections and reproduce or erase one character dependent on the first film they pick. In the planning stage their capacities of creative reasoning and language capability are step by step created. For instance, in my exercises, the instructor gives instances of how to utilize language structures to compose photograph subtitles. It is a useful method to develop understudies essential information. At the point when understudies comprehend the guidelines, they can step up to the plate and talk about, scan for valuable data and work in collaboration with one another. Assignment 2 expects understudies to reproduce or erase a character and this part isn't instructed in class yet needs understudies dynamic investigation and appreciation. In the introduction, understudies need to do sensible presumptions and give nitty gritty clarifications. In my exercises, developmental evaluation will be utilized to screen understudies learning progress and score their last introduction since developmental appraisal is a compelling instrument to adjust the instructing to address understudies issue. There are a few reasons why I utilize developmental appraisal. To begin with, it causes the instructor to realize what understudies realize at a specific period and alter the guidance as needs be. For example, when understudies ask the educator inquiries or present what they have done, the instructor will know current status of their language capacity and offer them guidance. Due to powerful criticism from the educator, understudies may discover chance to modify and reevaluate their learning. I think understudies need to ask themselves what I have done and what I have to improve in each progression. Second, it causes understudies to lessen pressure. Developmental appraisal is a continuous evaluation and it center around process as opposed t o results. In each stage, understudies may get the instructors input and different companions recommendation, so they may have clear course how to improve in the last introduction. Partly, it discharges understudies pressure. Their cooperation in conversation and criticism time additionally gives them opportunities to alter and rethink the up and coming introduction in light of the fact that the job of developmental appraisal is to improve learning. So the reason for utilizing developmental appraisal is to support the instructor and understudies obviously know learning improvement in each stage. An understudies criticism structure will be planned as one piece of developmental evaluation since I think understudies self-intelligent procedure is significant. When filling in the input structure, they may reevaluate what they have done, where they ought to improve and what they gain from this collaboration work. Understudies criticism structure causes the instructor to alter the guidance , and make fitting exercises and exercises next time. Showing material and Assessment Target gathering: F.6 ESL understudies with high English capability Class Size: 6 gatherings of 4 understudies (24 understudies) Learning Objectives:  ·impart fundamental information on language structures  ·improve correspondence and collaboration abilities by utilizing non-print media  ·develop basic points of view on film characters adjustment  ·improve their trust in communicating in English Non-print media included:  ·Photo  ·Movies  ·Electronic Magazine  ·Facebook  ·Websites Necessities:  ·Students work in gatherings of 4.  ·Each bunch needs to make a photograph collection and the photographs (not more than 15) need to be looked over the film they watch. Errand: 1 Present photograph subtitles (15 minutes each gathering) by utilizing certain language structures (the instructor will give the contribution before the introduction). Each understudy need to go to the introduction. 2 Based on the first film, reproduce or erase one character and state reasons. Date Length Information Yield Sep fourth Exercise 1 40 minutes Break 15 minutes The instructor needs to 1 encourage understudies some language structures which are utilized in photograph inscriptions 2 mention to understudies what substance and highlights ought to be engaged with subtitles The understudies will 1 see how to utilize a one-sentence or two-sentence portrayal in a photograph inscription 2 skill to utilize a photograph inscription to best present the film topic Exercise 2 40 minutes 3 give some film fragments and pick photographs which best present the topic 4 give the models by utilizing language structures to portray photographs Understudies planning stage 1 Students audit what they realize in class separately. 2 Students examine which film they need to pick and what photographs best speak to the topic. (Comments: Students can share thoughts after class or utilize online instruments, for example, Facebook on the grounds that it capacities as a conversation board and photograph sharing stage. 3 Students can peruse some electronic magazines since they incorporate the most recent updates on motion pictures and characters, an extraordinary number of photographs and film audits. 4 If fundamental, understudies can ask the educator inquiries when they meet troubles. 5 Each gathering invests some energy practicing the introduction. Date Span Understudies The instructor Sep sixteenth Exercise 3 50 minutes Break 15 minutes Persistent 50 minutes 1 play some film portions and quickly present the principle subject and substance 2 show photographs collection and utilize certain language structures to depict the photographs 3 Illustrate the reasons why your gathering reproduce or erase one character 4 Other gatherings understudies can pose inquiries if vital 1 survey every gathering introduction 2 pose inquiries after the introduction Input Form: Presentation Gathering ___ Group individuals name:___________________ Grade:________ Appraisal things Needs improvement Palatable Great Amazing Thoughts and organisaiton 1 Can utilize certain language structures to portray photographs 2 Can interface the film subject and supporting subtleties to photographs 3 Can communicate reasons why reproduce or erase a character 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 Language 1 Can utilize proper words and articulations 2 Can utilize language structure unmistakably 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 Articulation and conveyance 1 Can articulate words plainly and precisely 2 Can talk at a deliberate pace 3 Can make the voice heard acceptably 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 Informative procedures 1 Can utilize proper non-verbal communication (for example eye to eye connection, developments, motions) 2 Can utilize the accessible time to cover the central matter 3 Can complete the introduction in the managed time 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 Collaboration and Responses 1 Can help out gathering individuals easily 2 Can answer the instructor and different understudies questions right away 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 Remark Understudies criticism structure Non-print Media Less use Fitting use Generally use All the more regularly Photograph Motion pictures Electronic Magazine Facebook Sites Do you think non-print media is valuable in your language learning? On the off chance that Yes/No, express a few reasons. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What challenges you meet when you start your gathering work? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ In your brain, what do you have to improve in your last introduction? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What do you gain from this gathering work? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Do you have any proposal for the following movement? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Online gaming Essay Example for Free

Web based gaming Essay Is attempting to achieve the necessities of the understudy with the new plan of training. The K-12 involves the expansion of Music, Arts, Physical Education and Health (MAPEH) subject in grades 1, 2 and 3. Music is a brilliant sound that we hear after birth. Playing music for newborn children in their first year accommodates improvement and advantage in future training. Music has diverse significance to each person. It functions as a methods for learning, unwinding, and fun. Ordinary, youngsters go through over four hours sitting in front of the TV, one hour utilizing a PC and one hour of playing computer games. No big surprise why this period has become the â€Å"digital age†. We can likewise allude to the present period as a visual age. The interest for new capacities likewise changed the work environment. â€Å"The mystery ingredient originates from our capacity to incorporate are, music and writing with the hard sciences, that’s what creates an iPod Revolution or a Google.† Friedman says. Today expressions are required by our youngsters as a methods for articulation, correspondence, investigation, and creative mind. Expressions assist us with fortifying the basic reasoning abilities. It additionally creates subjective and innovative abilities. Physical Education assumes a basic job in instructing the entire understudy. Like other scholastic courses of study, physical training depends on thorough national measures that characterize what understudies should know and have the option to do because of support. It is interesting to the school educational program as it is the main program that gives understudies chances to learn engine abilities, create wellness, and increase understanding about the significance of physical action. Understudies will be given an individualized, formatively proper, and expressly testing instructional program that will propel the information, certainty, aptitudes, and inspiration expected to take part in a deep rooted, sound, dynamic way of life. In the propose investigation of the defenders, the understudies will apply and utilize the application for the diversion as well as for them to pick up onâ something like some other word games. In any case, with this investigation the understudies are relied upon to take in words from the subject itself. Explanation of the Problem This examination discover answers to the accompanying inquiries: 1. Can the new game be a successful apparatus for learning while at the same time keeping players engaged? 2. Can the new game be a successful method of educating MAPEH and would it be able to be similarly powerful for upgrading the basic thinking abilities about the players? General Objectives The general goal of this examination is to execute a word game that empowers the learning of the MAPEH subject all the more energizing. By giving a learning situation that is energizing and engaging, the expectation is to build learning adequacy. This game will go about as a future learning instrument that will aid the issues that educators face in extending a child’s jargon. The equivalent can be said for an instructor attempting to encourage understudies where Cebuano isn't their first language. This application can make players increasingly resolved to learn and to progress in the language by shaping the same number of words as they can. It will allow the players to construct and grow their jargon and reinforces the upsides of learning and playing this game. Explicit Objectives To make an application that is viable in instructing MAPEH subject with fun ï‚ · To make an application that upgrades the players’ basic reasoning abilities Theoretical Framework The idea of the game is that the player inputs the client name after the accommodation, the player has two choices in choosing the sort of game, regardless of whether a coordinated game or a non-planned game. On the off chance that the player chooses planned game, the player can choose among the four classes; Music, Arts Physical Education, or Health. On the off chance that the player chooses arbitrary classification, there will be two (2) minutes allocated time for the player to look for conceivable word/s and if the player discover the word/s there will be an extra ten (10)â seconds added to the player’s remaining time. In non-coordinated game, there will be a leveling phase of trouble and the player will build for conceivable answer in each arbitrary class questions. There is a standard in giving clue, in non-coordinated game, there is an assistance button for words that were not yet found. The player can hit the indication button each twenty (20) seconds just to have discipline in utilizing insight. The planned game scoring depends on the quantity of words find while the non-coordinated game positioning score is based the length of words found. To make the game all the more intriguing and energizing, the defenders included a lobby of notoriety list , wherein it has a positioning of the best 10 players showing their measurements like longest word found and their accomplishments that they gain from coordinated and non-planned game. Be that as it may, if the player needed to stop the non-planned game, he can hit the menu fasten and stop. In the event that the player misfortunes in coordinated game, there will be a warning box that will spring up in which the player could pick and conclude whether to attempt again or stop the game and come back to principle menu. Figure 1.0 The procedure of the Gameplay Simulation Degree and Delimitation of the Study Degree The examination centers around building up a PC game utilization of a savant style game where it contains numerous classifications that are identified with MAPEH subject, for example, Music, Arts, Physical Education and Health. This game, players can pick whether it is planned game or non-coordinated game. Players can play with various classification, for example, Music, Arts, Physical Education and Health or player can pick an arbitrary classification. This game has a period limit wherein the player needs to finish the word/s before the time closes. On the off chance that they can respond to questions, at that point focuses will be given and will be put in a positioning or players can stop the game and come back to fundamental menu. In coordinated game, players can pick distinctive class or an irregular classification. Players will get a score for each word and on the off chance that they have the greatest scores they will be placed first in a positioning. Delimitation The game will just delimit the accompanying: o It will just concentrate on related MAPEH subject. o It will just cook 2D Graphics and doesn't extend 3D designs. o It will just utilize materials that are instructive. Every improper point will be prohibited. Noteworthiness of the Study Understudies †This exploration is critical to the understudies that discover MAPEH as a troublesome subject. Instructors †This examination is noteworthy to the educators for they will likewise learn new learning apparatuses or other path on the best way to instruct MAPEH subject. Players †This exploration is huge to anyone that messes around since this game can upgrade the players basic thinking aptitudes about the subject MAPEH . Future Researchers †Anybody that wished to make a similar report can utilize this as a kind of perspective. They will locate this supportive. Meaning of Terms 2D PC illustrations 2D PC designs are computerized pictures that are PC based. They incorporate 2Dgeometric models, for example, picture structures, pixel workmanship, computerized craftsmanship, photos and content. 2D illustrations are utilized each day on conventional printing and drawing. PC Gaming Computer gaming is a sort of computer game playing that is played on a PC, instead of a committed computer game support. Section II Survey OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This section contains the audit of related writing and related investigations that contains important and valuable data in directing the examination. Related Literatures Study looks at potential beneficial outcomes of computer games Computer games have become some portion of our life. All age bunches have a differing level of involvement in computer games. Most games have been made for diversion purposes. These days, there is expanding discussion over the impacts of computer games. Guardians stress over the negative impacts of PC gaming on youngsters, they’ve underlined on the vicious conduct and dependence of PC games. In any case, there are some beneficial outcomes which could profit an individual from playing computer games. As per Snodgrass (2011), a partner educator of humanities at Colorado State, computer games can have potential beneficial outcomes on individuals. This was looked into by inspecting theâ different kinds of video gaming encounters and the impacts they can have on players’ lives, including their self-revealed levels of pressure, life fulfillment and bliss. In computer games, players could create symbols and complete errands in participation with different players. The complex and exceptionally intuitive nature of the game can lead players to feel just as they have become some portion of a distinctively convincing imaginary world. The American Psychological Association (APA) analysts surveyed their critical thinking capacity by analyzing the kinds of subjective, objective situated, game-arranged, enthusiastic and relevant explanations they made. More youthful youngsters appear to be progressively keen on defining momentary objectives for their learning in the game contrasted with more established kids who are increasingly inspired by basically playing and the activities of playing. (Ostrovsky, 2008) Bibliophile Deluxe Bibliophile select has comparative ideas to Mother Tongue Bookworm. The game uses 2D realistic perception, from a lattice of accessible letters; players associate letters to shape words. As words are framed, they are expelled from the network and the rest of the letters breakdown to occupy the accessible space. The players are given a board loaded up with lettered tiles, and they need to string them together to shape words. The player get focuses for each word and longer words are worth more focuses. A significant advantage of the game is that it builds a player’s jargon. (Mueller, 2005) Scrabble Scrabble has been around for the greater part a century now. Scrabble is a word game in which two to four players score focuses by framing words from individual lettered tiles on a game board set apart with a 15-by-15 framework. The words are shaped across and down

Success Guaranteed How to Write a Grant Application

Young people have always been the most creative and dynamic group of the society. Subsequently, a lot of non-governmental organizations have emerged uniting the people willing to bring their bold ideas to life. However, even the small-scale initiatives often require substantial financial resources to be allocated. In this context, the grants for the promising project proposals appear to be a notable opportunity. Therefore, being aware of how to write a grant application implies a crucial meaning in terms of fulfilling ones creative potential. In addition, the knowledge of how to write a grant application would be particularly helpful for the young people striving to develop their analytical skills and create a foundation for the future professional career. The Overview and Purpose of a Grant Application First of all, it is worth mentioning that there are numerous types of funding opportunities provided by the grantors. Subsequently, the requirements to the grant application may vary depending on the organization which provides the funding. Notably, the grants are usually provided by the investment or charity funds, embassies, and governmental bodies. In addition, each granting program is usually focused on a certain field of societal life. As an example, the grantor may be interested in the applications focused on the social media, human rights, public administration or economic development issues. Therefore, an applicant should examine carefully all the formal requirements and eligibility criteria before starting to prepare a grant application. Speaking about the purpose of a grant application, it is worth mentioning that the major goal of an application implies convincing the grantor that the project proposal deserves the financial support. Consequently, the above-mentioned result may be achieved only in case if all the formal requirements are fulfilled by an applicant. In this context, it appears reasonable to outline the common elements constituting a grant application. The Elements of a Grant Application The elements of an applications structure may vary with a regard to the specific instructions provided by the grantor, however, most of the applications, as a rule, include the following parts: Description of an applicant. In this part, an applicant is required to ensure the grantor of corresponding all the eligibility criteria as well as to demonstrate the capacity to realize the proposed project. Problem statement. It is necessary to specify and describe a problem which the applicant is going to resolve by means of the project implementation. Otherwise, in case there is no significant problem, there is no need to realize the initiative. In particular, the goals of a project represent the means of tackling the described problem. Target groups. An applicant is required to define all the parties involved in the initiatives implementation. It is necessary, for instance, to point out the direct beneficiaries of the project. Projects activities. In this part, an applicant should specify which activities will be conducted in order to reach the outlined goals and objectives. An applicant is often required by the grantor to specify the qualitative and quantitative results of the initiatives realization. Finally, an applicant should provide the information specifying how the received money will be spent within the projects framework.

Session Long Project Hartford Hospital - 3300 Words

Session Long Project: Hartford Hospital (Essay Sample) Content: Session Long Project: Hartford HospitalStudent:Professor:Course title:Date:Session Long Project: Hartford HospitalModule 1: financial perspectiveThe chosen organization is Hartford Hospital located in Hartford, Connecticut. This hospital has a total of 798 beds and serves the New England region (Markowitz, 2014). The overall Strategic Plan of Hartford Hospital includes its Values, Vision, and Mission in a framework which serves as the hospitalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s most essential guide to decision-making. Its vision of leadership and excellence is driven by the hospitalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s values shared by every member of Hartford HealthCare. Hartford Hospitalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Vision: to be trusted very much for personalized coordinated care and to be respected countrywide for excellence in terms of patient care. Mission: to improve the healing and health of communities and people that the hospital serves. Values: these include integrity, safety, caring, and excellence (Hartford Hospital, 2 014).ObjectivesThe objectives for improving the financial position of Hartford Hospital include the following: (i) to maintain financial stability; (ii) to reduce office overhead costs and administrative expenses within a period of 2 years; (iii) to increase income and revenues; and (iv) to increase the number of donors who give cash to the hospital in the next 3 years. The identified objectives and the performance measures, target, and new action that has to be developed to ensure successful implementation of the hospitalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s strategy are illustrated in the table below.Table 1: Improving financial position for Hartford HospitalObjectiveMeasureTargetAction1To maintain financial stability in the next 5 yearsBad debt, gross to net ratio, days of cash on hand, working capital, days in accounts receivables, net operating marginReduce bad debts by at least 60% in the next 5 years, increase working capital by 20% in the next 3 yearsPut in place measures to curb occurrence of bad d ebts in the next 5 years2To decrease office overhead costs and administrative expenses to ensure budgetary savings in the next 2 yearsAdministrative expenseReduce administrative expenses and office overhead costs by at least 35% in the next 2 yearsIdentify opportunities for savings related to space utilization and office supplies in the next 2 yearsAnalyze impacts of the proposed savings3To grow net revenues in the next 5 yearsReceivables, current ratio, total margin, income from investmentsIncrease net revenue by 15%-25% over the next 5 yearsIntroduce new services such as pediatric and mental health services in the next 3 years,Increase investment is other areas by purchasing plant, property and equipment. This would help increase revenue4To increase the number of donors who give cash to the hospital in the next 3 yearsDonor gifts which include cash and other assetsIncrease the number of donors by at least 33% in the next 3 yearsSeek more donors by holding seminars and conferences to encourage more people to support the hospital financiallyThe identified objectives and actions will enable Hartford Hospital to have sufficient finances that will facilitate successful implementation of its strategy. They will allow Hartford Hospital to provide excellent patient care and improve healing and health of people and communities in New England since the finances would allow it to employ the most qualified and experienced staff, and purchase the best equipment for providing excellent, high-quality care and improve patient safety. Module 2: customer service perspectiveThis perspective basically looks at the metrics/measures that pertain to physicians and patients (Zelman, Pink Matthias, 2003). The customer perspective will answer the question: how the patients see Hartford Hospital? The objectives in the customer service perspective are as follows: (i) to reduce emergency department (ED) wait time; (ii) to improve the control of hospital-acquired infections (HAI) or nos ocomial infections; (iii) to improve inpatient satisfactions; and (iv) to reduce patient complaints. These are shown table 2 below. The aforementioned objectives relate to Hartford Hospitalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s mission, vision and overall strategy in that if these objectives are attained, they will make the hospital to be recognized nationwide for superiority and fineness in patient care and be highly trusted for personalized coordinated care. Equally important, attaining these objectives would enable Hartford Hospital to improve the healthiness as well as healing of those served by the hospital. Table 2: Hartford Hospitalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s customer perspectiveObjectiveMeasureTargetAction1.To reduce Emergency Department (ED) wait timeED satisfaction, likelihood to recommend, inpatient satisfactionReduce ED wait time by 60% in the next 3 yearsIncrease ED staff by 35% in the next 2 years; improve the ED by using new, advanced equipment and technology2ComplaintsTotal reported complaintsReduce the n umber of reported complaints by 67% within 3 yearsEnhance communication for instance by distributing to patients information handouts on procedures that are regularly performed given that a lot of patients have difficulty understanding or absorbing the information that is presented to them. Practice cultural competence since cultural backgrounds of patients affect how patients process information or relate to healthcare providers; explain all fees and charges upfront; ensure informed consent. If things go awry, a compassionate apology and an explanation is offered to the patient and how the hospital would prevent such as incident from occurring again in future.3Hospital report patient satisfactionInpatient satisfactionIncrease inpatient satisfaction by 77% over the next 3 years Providing better hospital food including some nutritious, healthy and delicious options. Being clear about wait times. Rather than the patient to see his/her doctor at a random time in the day, hospital bedsi de rounding would be conducted at defined times comprising the full care team including at least the physician and the floor nurse. Keeping the frequently needed supplies inside the rooms of patients and restocking regularly. 4Improve rating of patient careOverall rating of care for emergency patients, overall rating of care for surgical and medical inpatientsImprove rating of patient care by 80% in the next 3 yearsReduce incidents of medical errors, improve hygiene, and reduce incidents of hospital acquired infections. Provide better food to patients.Relationships to other objectivesRelates to Module 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s objectives of maintaining financial stability and growing revenue. Reductions in patient complaints, medical errors, readmission rates, patient falls, nosocomial infection rates, and in wait times would help to reduce hospital costs and improve Hartford Hospitalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s bottom line Module 3: Internal business processesFor a key performance indicator to be included in the BSC, it should help in answering the question: what must Hartford Hospital excel at? The objectives for improving Hartford Hospitalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s internal business processes are illustrated in Table 3 below. These identified objectives relate to Hartford Hospitalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s mission, vision and strategy in that if these objectives are met, they would lead to a considerable improvement in patient care and this would make Hartford Hospital to be well-respected all over the U.S. for excellence in patient care and to be very much trusted for personalized coordinated care. Moreover, achieving the objectives will enable Hartford Hospital to improve the healing as well as health of those that it serves in the New England region. Table 3: improving Hartford Hospitalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s internal business processesObjectiveMeasureTargetAction1To reduce harm events and medication incidentsTotal medication incident or medication errors per 1000 doses, adverse/harm eventsReduce medication errors by 8 0% within 4 years, improve patient safety by 95% over the next 3 yearsEnhance communication skills and better interactions amongst Hartford Hospitalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s healthcare team and the patient; improve written and oral communication since a lot of errors happen due to poor written or oral communication; and replace sloppy handwritten prescriptions by computerized physician order entry2To reduce readmission ratesPatient re-admission within seven days/patients re-admitted within 8-28 daysReduce patient re-admission rates by 80% within 3 yearsImprove transition processes from the healthcare facility. Improve care coordination and transitions at the interfaces between care settings. Enhance support, education and coaching for patient self-management.3To reduce patient incidents (falls, trips and slips)Patient falls per 1000 resident days; patient slips or trips per 1000 resident days Reduce patient falls per 1000 resident days by 75% within 3 yearsUnderstand the circumstances and causes of earlier accidents; identify and assess patients who are vulnerable; implement various interventions4To reduce the average length of hospital stayAverage length of stayReduce the average patient length of stay by 90 percent within 5 years Give emphasis to correct placement following the 5 Rs: right service, right time period, right level of care, right bed, and right nursing unit. Track progress of patient everyday so that ancillary tasks like patient assessments and teaching can be completed on time. Discharge patient from hospital as quickly as possible. Use case management to streamline communications between hospital personnel and patient...

Relationships Essay - 1416 Words

How have three texts you have studied enhanced your understanding of relationships? Refer to Maestro and two other texts of your choosing? Relationships are a complex part of today’s society and affect all areas. All relationships are different, and they influence the decisions made by people and others around them. The three texts ‘Maestro’ by Peter Goldsworthy, ‘Dead Poets Society’ directed by Peter Weir and ‘Goodnight Mr Tom’ by Michelle Magorian all enhance the understanding of relationships. These three texts, all show various types of relationships, are all presented in various ways. The main relationship presented in ‘Maestro’ involves the unlikely friendship developed between a teacher (Keller) and his student (Paul). The main†¦show more content†¦Keating, a replacement English teacher arrives, and brings with him a passion for teaching romanticism, thus opening a never-before-seen world to his students. 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Paul’s respect for Keller may not have been apparent at first, however it continued to grow as the relationship progressed. Years later Paul realizes that, ‘You don’t know what you’ve got till it’s gone’’. This line is essential because it is very true in today’sShow MoreRelatedRelationship Between Relationships And Relationships805 Words   |  4 Pages Friendships and Intimate Relationships In friendship and intimate relationships there are two types and they are known as exchange and communal. The definition of exchange relationships are best described as â€Å"you wash my hands and I will wash yours†. Whereas in communal relationships they are characterized when responding to another needs or wellbeing over a period of time and do not require repayment for what they have done. 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Homelessness The Problem Within The United States

Homelessness is an arising problem within the United States. Poverty and homelessness are inheritably linked. As children we were raised to believe that through hard work and determination that we could accomplish anything. We all had dreams of having nice cars, a nice home and lots of money, however this is impossible when a person is living pay check to pay check and close to being homeless. Knowing that we live in the â€Å"land of opportunity† brings many dreams to anyone’s mind, however, many families are experiencing financial issues that are causing them to become homeless because they cannot afford to live and pay their bills, food, child care, health care and education (National Coalition of the homeless, 2007). Homelessness in†¦show more content†¦On any given night there are more than 300,000 veterans that have no shelter or food. Veterans are more likely to become homeless, before any other American (Veterans Inc., 2010). With this number so hi gh, it makes people ask themselves, these men and woman are fighting for our country but they have no place to live after returning home. We hope that the next generation will either come up with new ways to accommodate the homeless population and find new resources to modify the current system. Domestic violence is defined as emotionally or physically (or both) controlling an intimate partner, often involving physical assault, stalking or sexual assault (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2009). Something close to my home, Fargo North Dakota 2005, 1 in 5 women reported that she had left her home due to abuse. In Fargo, 45 percent of homeless women had experienced violence from an intimate partner in the past year (ACLU Women s Rights Project, n.d.). Living so close to Minnesota as well, 1 in every 3 homeless women were driven from their home by domestic violence in 2003 (ACLU Women s Rights Project, n.d.). These numbers are unthinkable when a person lives in the area, and knowing that it happens to just about anyone. Many women don’t have the resources or family around them that they can rely on when something of that nature occurs. When a woman has had enough of the abuse and decides to leave the situation, they often times have

The Importance Of A Civic Engagement Opportunity As A...

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Essay on sexual dysfunction - 4576 Words

Instead of focusing on all that’s wrong with your life, write down all the good things you have going for you. The more you think about it, the more good things you’ll find. Seek solace through these good things in your life, and you’ll soon stop feeling miserable and sad. Tell yourself that â€Å"this too shall pass† – this is my favorite quote, and at the slightest hint of sadness or trouble, I tell myself that this too shall pass and all will be well with my world again. I just need to ride out the storm and wait for the calm to envelop me again. Realize that there are others who are in worse positions than you are, and that you are better off than many people in the world. This makes your problems seem trivial and you’re shamed out of†¦show more content†¦My initial reaction was that such a book was the last thing I wanted to write. 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Globalisation and Dilemmas of Income Taxation - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Globalisation and Dilemmas of Income Taxation. Answer: Introduction: The present segment elucidates in detail regarding ascertainment of capital gain otherwise loss from Erics transaction of antique vase. The current scenario mentioned in the case helps in knowing the fact that Eric got possession of various resource counting antique vase as well as chair, sound system for home, paintings as well as shares of particular listed business corporations. Nonetheless, Eric marketed all the above mentioned resources only after acquisition of the stated ones. Essentially, this case aims to establish the accurate capital gain otherwise loss from the said trade. Yet, this process of establishment of the right capital gain else wise loss can be correlated to specific by law of tax that is 108-20 decree asserted by ITAA. Plainly this issue mentioned herein the case can be understood after proper orientation to the tax diktat (108-20) articulated by ITAA (Woellner et al., 2016). As per taxation diktat 108 (20) asserted by ITAA, it can be deciphered that a loss amount of $1000 arises from the sale of home sound gadget cannot be permitted for subtraction from the assessable earning. Due to the fact that losses derived from clearing of resources for personal usage cannot be calculated. Essentially, the modus operandi for balancing undertaken is rooted in the regulations stipulated under rule numbered 108 -110 asserted by ITAA 1997 (Woellner, 2013). Since Eric has acquired gains from disposal of usual assets of the business, capital deduction is not permissible under law in the current financial year. As a consequence, overall profit value of Eric amounts to $15000. The study refers to a case on business dealings connected to a particular bank official named as Brian. The case illustrates that the employer of the specific granted Brian a loan amounting to $1 million with attached interest rate of nearly 1% every year. Nevertheless, the present set-up also divulges the fact that the banking official employed 40% of this lent amount for making income and met all the loan obligations concerning the interest expense. The current question is to spell out the measurable value of fringe benefit enumerated for the year 2016 as well as 2017. In addition to this, this present section also intends to assess whether the answer derived might possibly be completely in case of payment of interest on lent amount at the termination period of the loan agreement instead of monthly disbursements of interests. However, it is vital to comprehend if the bank sets frees Brian from paying back the amount of interest on borrowed funds. Therefore, the current case study u nder deliberation can be attached to the resolving of concerns in the process of ascertainment of FBT-taxation (fringe benefit). Essentially, this again can be connected to taxation decree asserted under by law TR 93/6 (Wallschutzky, 2012). Critical analysis of instructions of taxation articulated under TR 93/6 aids in gaining comprehensive awareness regarding the entire procedure of ascertaining fringe benefit tax Krever Black, 2013). In accordance with a particular instruction clearly communicated by the law, in case if the bank granting finance sets free or in other words liberates the individual from the liability of paying off the interest amount, then that individual might be released from the accountability of interest payments (Hamilton et al., 2012). Thus, Brian can be released from the accountability of paying off tax amount. Finally it can be asserted that there is no compulsion to clear up the tax commitment by making outgoings on the part of the banking official because he is set free from the duty of interest disbursement by the lending bank that offered the credit. Application linked to taxation directive As rightly indicated by Ganghof Eccleston (2014), taxation instruction articulated under TR 93/32 presents ways of treating profits otherwise losses arising from jointly holding rental properties. As per the instructions articulated under by law TR 93/32, rental possessions jointly held cannot be referred to as partnerships in the process of tax assessment (Eccleston, 2014). The relevant guideline as cited under this ruling explicates the fact that partnership accord that includes both either in written format or by word of mouth is said to exert any impact on the overall process of distributing proceeds derived from the jointly held rental property. Moreover, the diktat under this bylaw also stresses the fact that co-owners of a specific rental possession under contemplation cannot be viewed as partners particularly under common circumstances of the ruling. Fundamentally, treaties of joint venture cannot have any effect on the combined amount of either profit or else loss divided b etween the co-possessors of the property. As per the given case study, proportion s of liability of Jack as well as his wife is essentially 90% and 10% respectively. The verdicts of the case on F.C. of T. v McDonald(1987) 18 ATR 957 can be referred to in this regard. This law case verdict states that partner of the spender of tax laid hands on two diverse title in a specific shared venture (Eccleston, 2012). Based on this it can be said that the treaty helped in validating that two different holders of assets (in this case Jack and Jill) can acquire earnings in the specific percentage fraction of particularly 75% and 25% respectively. In the light of the instructions mentioned herein, both the co-owners that is Jack along with wife Jill have the right on the proceeds of the property as joint renters. In conjunction with the instruction articulated in the bylaws TR 93/32, it can thus be made out that in cases of joint holders of rental possessions, loss undergone can be justifiably scattered among the two different possessors, despite the fact that joint holding of rented possessions cannot be considered to be treated in the similar manner as the dealings carried out in partnerships. Case on IRC v Duke of Westminster[1936] AC 1 narrates about tax shirking. This particular instance bears mention about the fact that all individuals have the permission to direct specific state of affairs for allowing deductions from the measured obligation of tax (Eccleston, 2014). Necessarily, this legal case speaks about the Duke of Westminster who deployed a gardener and paid compensation from the substantial earnings derived post tax from essentially the Dike. However, for the purpose of lessening the overall taxed value, the Duke also discontinued to provide wage to that specific gardener and instead developed a pact to carry out disbursements that is of equal value. Nevertheless, the decrees of tax gave Duke the authority to claim for a deduction in the process of his tax assessment (Ganghof Eccleston, 2014). Essentially, this subsequently decreased the overall liability of the payer of tax as both the income tax as well as the surtax got lessened. As such, the Inland Revenue as a matter of fact lost in the legal case that was against the Duke. This case talks about the individuals seeking for ways of evading tax legally by generation of specific circumstances. However, in the present circumstances, the principle in Australia explicates that if a specific individual can attain success for getting to the conclusion, the entire Inland Revenue in such case might possibly be subjugated for their format (Halligan, 2015). Issues that can be hereby recognized from the case analysis: The recognized matter in the present state revolves around analysis of earnings arising from the takings of the company from the sales of felled timber. Basically, this particular amount can be observed under taxation bylaw articulated under 6-1 of the rule for Assessment of Income (that is to say, Income Tax Assessment Act-1936) (Eccleston, 2014). Detailed evaluation of the case reflects that Bill necessarily possesses a particular land that has pine trees. Moving further, the case under reflection also asserts that Bill has the intention to put the land to use for the purpose of grazing by sheep and get it cleaned. Over and above this, Bill got the impression that a logging entity is all set to pay $1000 for timber. Setting apart all the matters of concern related to the taxation attached to capital gains, Bill is given recommendations concerning the takings from the specific scheme. Essentially, decree of taxation articulated under TR 95/6 indicates towards upshots of taxation that necessarily crop up from the productions with works on plantation and forestry works (Keating, 2015). In addition to this, this specific ruling dictates divulges the bindings or else limitations as regards takings from the business that arise out of the sales of the timber derived from the land. Fundamentally, this requires enquiry regarding the fact that whether the person paying the tax is in any way in a partaker in the forestry works. 6-1 stipulated under taxation act -1936, manufacturing can be linked to activities of plantation (Krever Black, 2013). Detailed assessment of the case of Bill reveals that Bill did not carry out any kind of plantation work. However, Bill received the takings derived from selling the felled timber. Therefore, this can be observed as a measurable income of the person paying the tax. Concluding observation: Finally, it can be hereby ascertained that acceptance of different takings that are generated from sales that is in this specific case obtained from sales of timber can be viewed as measurable income as per directive articulated under 6 (1) pronounced by ITAA. References Eccleston, R. (2012). Taxing times: a political retrospective.Austl. Tax F.,17, 287. Eccleston, R. (2014). Thirty year problem: the politics of Australian tax reform, The.Australian Tax Research Foundation Research Studies, 206. Ganghof, S., Eccleston, R. (2014). Globalisation and the dilemmas of income taxation in Australia.Australian Journal of Political Science,39(3), 519-534. Halligan, J. (2015). Learning from experience in Australian reform: balancing principle and pragmatism.Learning from Reform. Hamilton, R., Deutsch, R., Raneri, J. (2012).Guidebook to Australian international taxation. St Leonards, N.S.W.: Prospect Media. Keating, P. (2015).Reform of the Australian taxation system: Statement by the treasurer(No. 315). Australian Government Publishing Service. Krever, R., Black, C. (2013).Australian taxation law cases 2007. Pyrmont, N.S.W.: Thomson ATP. Wallschutzky, I. G. (2012).The effects of tax reform on tax evasion(No. 8). Australian Tax Research Foundation. Woellner, R. (2013).Australian taxation law 2012. North Ryde [N.S.W.]: CCH Australia. Woellner, R., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C., Pinto, D. (2016).Australian Taxation Law 2016. Melbourne, Vic.: Oxford University Press.

Individual Written Refelctive Report

Question: Discuss about the Individual Written Refelctive Report. Answer: Introduction: I am quite pleased with the role that has been given to me, as I believe that I am good at making a team organized. My leadership skill has always been too good and I have always been able to manage teams in an efficient way. I have effective inter personal communication skills, and this is why the role the most suitable me for me. Most importantly, this position is helping me become more responsible. I am also able to improve my analytical skills. In the project, everyone has been given a role that suits his or her personal skills. For example, one of my colleagues with good leadership skills is one of the leaders of the group. Another colleague having technical skills has been given the role of a resource manager. The best feature of our team is that each one of us works more as a family than as a team. One of the major strengths of our group is that each of the team members is highly cooperative and shares a very intimate bond with the other team members. The team members share their research data with one another and they help each other with collecting information, which saves time. One of the weaknesses of our group is that some of the members of the team follow the instructions given by the leader in a passive manner, which leads to delayed completion of projects. For example, one of my teammates was assigned an important part of the project and he promised us that he would complete the project within the assigned deadline. However, tw days before the submission of the project, he baxked out and said that he would not be able to finish the prject in time. This landed us in great trouble and I had to assign his work to another team member who was already busy in accomplishing his work part. When a difficulty arises, the team members first hold a group discussion. The team leader asks for everyones opinion and with the views of the leader, the solution is taken. I have understood in the course of the project that I am actively contributing towards making the presentation better in the group. The course had helped me to prepare for university in a better way but also helped me understand the facility of the university. As a team coordinator, I had helped the teammates work in a cooperative manner, resolved the disputes among the team members and kept them motivated to accomplish the project. However, given a chance to work on the same project I will work on procrastination. I have a tendency to finish the work in the last minute which given another chance in the project I would definitely try to change. I consider myself lucky to be a part of the group. I have learnt my disadvantages from my team members. They have also helped me to rectify my mistakes and work in a better way. For example, I used to get stressed out very easily and my team members helped me become more composed while handling the project. It is because of my teammates that I have understood the disadvantages of procrastination and worked in order to get rid of it. Often they would delay the work and I have learnt the importance of finishing work in time from their weakness. This project has helped me to learn my own leadership skill. As an individual, this skill will help me to take the responsibility of my life. For academic life, the skills of leadership learnt in the project will help me develop confidence, improve my communication skill and accomplish academic projects with greater sincerity. In future, I believe, the leadership skills that I have learnt here will help me in gaining management skills and honing my problem solving skills.

Slavery free essay sample

In a recent study, Nun (2008) examines the long-term impacts of Africans slave trade. He finds that the slave trade, which occurred over a period of more than 400 years, had a significant negative effect on long-term economic development. Although the paper arguably identifies a negative causal relationship between the slave trade and income today, the analysis is unable to pin down the exact causal mechanisms underlying the reduced form relationship documented in the paper. In this paper, we examine one of the channels through which the slave trade may affect economic development today. Ins fine-grained individual-level survey data, we test whether the slave trade caused a culture of mistrust to develop within Africa. Early in the slave trade, slaves were primarily captured through State organized raids and warfare. By the end of the trade, because of the environment of ubiquitous insecurity that had developed, individuals even friends and family members began to turn on one another, kidnapping, tricking, and selling each other into slavery (e. We will write a custom essay sample on Slavery or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page G. , Koehler, 1854, Hair, 1965, Pit, 1996).We hypothesize that in this environment, where everyone had to constantly be on guard against Ewing sold or tricked into slavery by those around them, a culture of mistrust may have evolved, and that this mistrust may continue to persist today. Our hypothesis builds on the well-established result from cultural anthropology that in environments where information acquisition is either costly or imperfect, the use of heuristic decision making strategies or rules- of-thumb can be an optimal strategy (Boyd and Richardson, 1 985, 1995).These general rules or beliefs about what the right action is in different situations saves the individual from the costs of information acquisition. Of course, these norms or rules-of-thumb do not develop in a vacuum, but evolve according to which norms yield the highest payoff. Our view is that in areas more exposed to the slave trade, rules-of-thumb or beliefs based on the mistrust of others would have been more beneficial relative to norms of trust and therefore would have become more prevalent over time.In other words, our hypothesis is that the slave trade would have engendered a culture of mistrust. Because these beliefs and norms persist, particularly in environments where they remain optimal, the relationship between these arms and a history of the slave trade may still exist in the data today almost 1 00 years after the slave trade has ended. Alternatively, the culture of mistrust that was a consequence of the slave trade may be an outcome that is stable. In other words, the slave trade may have caused a permanent change in the level 1 of mistrust in the society.Recent contributions, like Tableland (2008) and Guise, Sap ience, and Singles (coco), provide models that show how this can occur. To test our hypothesis, we use data from the 2005 round of the Barometers survey and examine whether individuals belonging to an ethnic group that was heavily targeted in the past are less trusting of others today. Because of the richness of the Barometers survey, we are able to test for the effect of the slave trade on the amount of trust that each respondent places in different individuals.Specifically, we examine the effects of the slave trade on individuals trust in (I) their relatives, (ii) their neighbors, and (iii) their local government council. We find that individuals, belonging to ethnicities that were exposed to the slave trades, today exhibit lower levels of rust in their relatives, neighbors, and their local government. This finding is consistent with the historical fact that by the end of the slave trade, it had become very common for individuals to be sold into slavery by neighbors, friends, and family members.An alternative explanation for our finding is that more s laves were supplied by ethnic groups that initially had lower levels of trust of those around them, and that these lower levels of trust continue to persist today. We pursue a number of strategies to identify the direction of causality in our OILS estimates. One strategy we pursue is to use the historic distance from the coast Of an ethnic group as an instrument for the number Of slaves taken from that ethnic group. There is ample historical evidence suggesting that the instrument is relevant, but it is far less clear that it satisfies the necessary exclusion restriction.The most likely reason why the exclusion restriction may fail is that the historic distance from the coast of an individuals ancestors is correlated with the current distance from the coast of the respondent, and his in turn is negatively correlated with income (Rapport and Cash, 2003), which is positively correlated with trust (Lasing and La Ferreira, 2002). 1 For this reason, in our IV estimates, where we use the historic distance from the coast of a respondents ancestors as an instrument, we also control for the respondents current distance from the coast.The IV estimation produces estimates very similar to the OILS estimates. They provide evidence that the slave tra de caused the descendants of those targeted by the trade to be less trusting today. As is generally the case with instruments, it is possible that despite our second stage controls, our instrument still does not satisfy the necessary exclusion restriction. For this reason, we also perform a number of falsification exercises to assess the validity of our identification strategy.We 1 Note that this actually results in IV estimates that are biased towards zero. 2 examine the reduced form relationship between distance from the coast and trust within Africa and in two samples outside of Africa using data from Theodore Values Surveys and the Spectrometer. Within Africa, we find a throng positive relationship between distance from the coast and trust. This is expected given our IV estimates. Places further from the coast had less slaves taken in the past, and therefore exhibit higher levels of trust today.Our IV strategy relies on the assumption that the distance from the coast only affects trust through the slave trade. Therefore, if our exclusion restriction is satisfied, then when we examine the reduced form relationship between distance from the coast and trust outside of Africa where there was no slave trade, we expect to see no relationship. This is exactly what we find, In our samples outside of Africa, we estimate a statistically insignificant relationship between distance from the coast and trust.We also perform a similar exercise looking within Africa. We find that within the regions of Africa that were not exposed to the slave trade, no relationship exists between an individuals distance from the coast and trust today. We also find that the relationship increases the more exposed a region was to the slave trade. After establishing that the slave trade had an adverse effect on trust, we then urn to the task of distinguishing between the two most likely channels through which this could have occurred.One channel, which is the focus of our paper, is that the slave trade altered the cultural norms of the ethnic groups exposed to the trade, making them inherently less trusting. However, there is also a second channel, which a priori is as plausible and as important. The slave trade resulted in a longer deterioration of legal and political institutions, and such weak institutions enable citizens to cheat others more easily and, for this reason, individuals are less trusting of those around them.We undertake two exercises that attempt to identify the relative importance of these two channels. First, we look more closely at the determinants of respondents trust in their local government. We examine how the estimated effect of the slave trade changes when we control for a number of measures of individuals perceptions about the quality of their local government. By doing this, we attempt to control for differences in the external environment of each respondent and more closely isolate the beliefs and values internal to the individual.