Monday, December 30, 2019

The Gender Role Violation Experiment - 855 Words

Being raised female – and more specifically a female in the mid-west, where being polite and unobtrusive are paramount features of social etiquette – I was taught to never take up too much space physically, vocally, or emotionally. In my younger years I was often chided for things like being too loud or being un-composed, i.e., not keeping my legs crossed. While, over the years I have shaken off certain oppressive doctrines about femininity, I have never managed to let myself take up more space than the bare minimum required, a physical indicator of submission in Western culture that equates size with dominance. Thus, on June 18, 2015 I violated my gender role by enacting stereotypical male body language throughout the day. Internet articles such as â€Å"4 Alpha Male Body Hacks That Instantly Boost Your Attractiveness† and â€Å"Alpha Male Body Language† explained to me how one should stand, sit, walk, and stare to be an â€Å"alpha male.† This g ender role violation experiment was both an emotional and physical challenge for me throughout the day. Violating my gender role was emotionally challenging for me because I had to confront my internal biases. The morning of my experiment I decide to dress in one of my most feminine outfits so that my gender violation would seem more inconcruent to others. Wearing a strappy summer dress I stood in front of my mirror practicing my male posture: chest out, shoulders out, and feet wide apart. I hated the way I looked. Instead of looking skinnyShow MoreRelatedExpectancy Violation Theory And Its Significance1650 Words   |  7 Pagesexpectancy violation theory and its significance in understanding interpersonal communication. The theory highlights the unexpected behavior of human being while interacting (Dainton, 2011). This theory is based on the reduction uncertainty where ambiguity on behaviors of others is reduced through interaction. Expectancy violations theory offers some prospec t to compare the personality of traditional empiricism with humanism. The theory was developed from the Nonverbal expectancy violation model ofRead MoreThe Theory Of The Expectancy Violation Theory1668 Words   |  7 Pagesaccount pre-existing and external factors. Burgoon’s Expectancy Violations Theory analyses people’s reactions to unanticipated violations of social norms or expectations. This theory discusses many of the different factors that play a role when individuals form their expectancies such as context, relationship, communicator characteristics, and nonverbal communication. This paper analyses the pros and cons of the Expectancy Violation Theory. It argues why this theory satisfies enough of Griffin sRead MoreThe Role Of Rudeness Plays On Power Acquisition Differs Through Individualistic And Collectivist Cultures Essay1563 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of this study is to investigate the role that rudeness plays in power acquisition differs in individualistic and collectivist cultures. Past studies have found that violating social norms increases the perceived power status of the violator in the eyes of others. However, studies have yet to examine if these perceptions would cause a rise in opportunities to acquire power, and how this varies across different cultures. To conduct this study, 5 groups of 10 participants, ranging in ageRead MoreGender Norms : Male Dominant Body Language1158 Words   |  5 PagesViolating Gendered Norms Gender norms are a set of rules or behaviors assigned to each gender by a culture or society. Men and women are expected to uphold these requirements, and are policed by their peers to make sure that they are maintaining them as well. I chose to violate and reflect upon the female gendered norm of using submissive poses while standing or sitting. Women tend to cross their legs while sitting in an attempt to take up less space and make their bodies smaller. Instead, I choseRead MoreEvaluation Of A Preschool Classroom During Play Time1238 Words   |  5 Pageswith gender. What accounts for accounts for this in children? Reading about gender typing in the book made me become more interested in what factors contribute to developing gender typing in children. The book, in my opinion, gives a very vague description of what really develops gender typing in children. My belief is that gender typing is a very complex concept and there are many factors that go into the different aspects of g ender typing in children. In a multidimensional study in gender typingRead MoreDeviance Essay1439 Words   |  6 Pagessimply any violation of society’s norms. Ranging from a minor infraction, such as a traffic violation or improper attire, to an act or behavior highly seen as immoral, such as robbery or murder. Each society defines for itself what they view as deviant behavior and what they choose to find acceptable; how one society chooses to define deviance differs widely from another, even in the world we know today. Some societies choose to have more strict cultural ruling regarding gender roles than we haveRead MoreExplain the Impact of the Stanford Prison Experiment on Psychology and Behaviour1130 Words   |  5 PagesExplain the impact of the Stanford prison experiment on psychology and behaviour. The Stanford prison experiment ,led by professor Philip Zimbardo, was aimed at seeing the effect on people on becoming prisoners or prison guards. The idea was to see what happens to people when they are put in relatively ‘evil’ places. Do the people themselves become evil or is there no net effect? The results indicated that in fact people adapt to their role exceptionally well. It was observed that the prison guardsRead MoreDifferences In Emotions876 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween trait disgust and authority values, supporting the first hypothesis. The finding only aligned with what Chapman and Anderson (2014) concluded in their study that participants scored higher in trait physical disgust were more likely to judge violations of authority values as morally wrong. However, the study conducted by Chapman and Anderson could not completely support our study as their instrument of the trait disgust was limited in the trait physical disgust area. Also, they found that peop leRead MoreThe Social Premises Causing Gender Gap Within Maths And Science Involvement1329 Words   |  6 Pageshumanity into men and women and the dominant role of men in modern society has led to the obvious prevalence of men, it can be traced in all cultural and historical periods, particularly in areas such as science. Most of the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Math) University graduates are men. Among STEM graduates aged 25 to 34, women represented 23% of graduates from engineering and 30% of graduates from mathematics and computer science programs. (Gender differences in science, technology, engineeringRead MoreDifferences Between Sex And Gender1498 Words   |  6 PagesMany people tend to confuse between sex and gender thinking that they’re the same thing. Sex is the two main categories of male and female into which humans and most other living things are biologically divided in. Gender however, is the state of being male or female and typically used with reference to social and cultural differences rather than biological ones. Children in the same family have different experiences in their interactions with their mothers and fathers. Such differences may teach

Sunday, December 22, 2019

Association Football and Davies Middle School - 773 Words

For me to be a member of the National Juniors Honors Society would be an amazing privilege. I believe I should be accepted because I am dedicated and passionate about my activities inside and outside of school. Also I will bring strong leadership as well as teamwork skills to NJHS. I am always looking for new ways to help people even in the smallest of things. Lastly, I have received many recognition awards and commendations. I think these qualities will make me an excellent member of the National Junior Honor Society here at William Davies Middle School. One of my biggest passions is my soccer team, the Hamilton Shock. I have been playing soccer for a little over a year and a half and I love it. We work together not only as a team†¦show more content†¦In final consideration, this shows that I have been successful so far but I believe I will go on to do even bigger and better things and I hope NJHS can help me do that. I have ideas of improving our school and town such as a Special Olympics volunteering program. I would also like to show other students how they can help and improve our school. I think my best years at Davies are ahead and they can only be better with my involvement in the National Junior HonorsShow MoreRelatedIntangible Asset Accounting and Accounting Policy Selection in the Football Industry85391 Words   |  342 PagesINTANGIBLE ASSET ACCOUNTING AND ACCOUNTING POLICY SELECTION IN THE FOOTBALL INDUSTRY by NICHOLAS ROWBOTTOM A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Commerce and Social Science of The University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Accounting and Finance School of Business Faculty of Commerce and Social Science The University of Birmingham July 1998 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyrightRead MoreCellc South Africa - Marketing15638 Words   |  63 Pagespopulation that do not own a cellphone as yet. The additional service, Mobile Number Portability (see Appendix 1), has also been affected by the RICA legislation Sports Enthusiasts: The Nike Football Package allows Nike Football fanatics to enjoy reduces rates as well as an Access card to exclusive Nike football events Conservatives: Cell C is known to support gospel music, through its sponsorship of the Soweto Gospel Choir and the launch of its Gospel for life package. Offering many benefits,Read MoreChildrens Literature13219 Words   |  53 PagesThe Middle Ages: 500-1500 6 The Renaissance: 1500-1650 7 The Rise of Puritanism and John Locke: Late 1600s 8 3. Beginning of Children’s Literature: Late 1700s 10 4. Fairy and Folk Tales 12 The Golden Age of Children’s Literature: Late 1800s 12 5. Victorian Childrens Literature 16 6. Contemporary Childrens Literature 18 6. Analysis of Harry Potters’ series 21 7. Conclusion 30 8. Summary 31 Children’s Literature Definitions 31 The Ancient World [ancient Rome; 50 BCE to 500 CE] 31 The Middle AgesRead MoreCoco Cola18335 Words   |  74 Pages1  Racial discrimination * 4.2  Bottling plant murders * 4.2.1  Guatemala * 4.2.2  Colombia * 4.2.3  SINALTRAINAL lawsuit * 4.3  Shareholder resolution attempt (2002) * 5  Boycotts and controversies * 5.1  Israel and the Middle East * 5.2  2010 Polish election campaign * 5.3  Defense of Marriage Act * 5.4  Bolivian criticism * 6  References * 7  External links | ------------------------------------------------- Health effects[edit] Since studies indicateRead Morepaul hoang answers72561 Words   |  291 Pagesauthor. Many thanks for your attention to this matter. With warm wishes, Paul Hoang paulhoang88@hotmail.com Jan 2009  © Paul Hoang and IBID Press  © Paul Hoang and IBID Press    2 Preface – Human Resource Management (at Wilkinson Hill School) a) The question asks candidates to ‘produce’ a person specification. Hence the answer is required to be presented in an appropriate format (for which 1 mark can be awarded). [5 marks] Person Specification for Head of Economics and Politics Read MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pages– how can small players survive changing markets? Amazon (B) – latest developments in a successful dot.com. Formula One – developing the capabilities for competitive success in a hi-tech industry. Manchester United – clash of expectations in the football world. Salvation Army – strategic challenges for a global not-for-profit organisation with a mission. Bayer MS – corporate social responsibility in the international development of a German company. Eurotunnel – clash of cultures threatens to derailRead MoreBranding in Clothing Industry22425 Words   |  90 Pages2 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 Chapter 2: Literature review 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The important roles of brand 2.2.1 The characteristics of successful brands 2.3 Brand equity 2.3.1 Brand awareness 2.3.2 Perceived quality 2.3.3 Brand loyalty 2.3.4 Brand association 2.4 Consumer buying behaviour 10 10 10 11 12 13 15 16 17 19 2.4.1 Models of consumer behaviour 2.5 Summary 20 23 Chapter 3: Methodology 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Theoretical backgrounds 3.2.1 Review of different research traditions 3.2.2Read MoreEssay about Summary of History of Graphic Design by Meggs14945 Words   |  60 Pagesproduction of alphabet communication. †¢ Knowledge spread quickly and literacy increased because of this invention. Several factors created a climate in Europe that made typography possible: †¢ Demand for books became insatiable. †¢ Emerging literacy: middle class and students created a huge new market for reading material. †¢ The process of bookmaking took too long (scribes = slow), and the costs involved were too high (sheep skin parchment = redonks expensive, y0). Watermark: a translucent emblemRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesYour Audience .............................................................................. 198 The Introduction............................................................................................................................. 200 The Middle ...................................................................................................................................... 202 The Ending ...............................................................................................Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesManagement, Warrington College of Business Administration, University of Florida; Stanley  M. Howe Professor in Leadership, Henry B. Tippie College of Business, University of Iowa; Associate Professor (with tenure), Department of Human Resource Studies, School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University; Lecturer, Charles University, Czech Republic, and Comenius University, Slovakia; Instructor, Industrial/Organizational Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Friday, December 13, 2019

A history of violence Free Essays

â€Å"A history of violence† is a film which presents a world of â€Å"monsters† that has a presence which is not felt until the â€Å"monsters† emerge into action. The film focuses on the necessity of violence and the manner in which it destroys and in the same time saves humanity. The whole film concentrates on the double identity of the world. We will write a custom essay sample on A history of violence or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is the classic theme: a fight between good and evil. The question which Cronenberg’s film raised is whether or not â€Å"the violent instinct is necessarily an evil† (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_Violence_(film)). The main character from â€Å"A history of violence†, Tom Stall (actor Viggo Mortensen), is a tender family man, very in love with his wife. He is attacked in his dinner by two perpetrators which he eventually kills. He becomes a hero but in the same time his hidden past is starting to reveal. It is revealed that Tom ran away from the instinct of violence but this instinct from which he ran, in the end saved his life. He knew how to respond to violence with violence. This is a message to a world in witch violence seems most present and emphasizes that in this kind of world nobody can survive without the instinct of violence. Thus the human nature becomes dual; it is divided between love and hate. It is a history of violence because the movie presents: the past of Tom Stall who used to work for the mob, his name was Joey Cusack, but gave up because he didn’t want to be on that side of the society, then the present witch presents Tom as a peaceful, family guy who now fights to solve his past issues in order to protect his dear family, and the future which is predicted by Tom’s teenage sun Jack who is aggressed by bullies at school and he always avoided fighting them., this meaning that violence will never cease to be a real mean of surviving. Tom is a character who didn’t enjoy killing, in spite of this he is forced to kill. Violence is needed in order to keep on living. He hides his past from his family. He struggles to hide his violent side. Significant are the words uttered by a stranger regarding Tom: â€Å"you are trying so hard to be this other guy, it’s painful to watch†. No matter how much Tom tries to hide the inhuman side it arises when it is needed. His power to fight with the perpetrators emerges from somewhere deep and apparently can not be controlled. It is a question whether or not human monsters are born or trained to be violent. It is clear that humans are built from two parts: the violent one and peaceful one. History demonstrated that the violent part was not at all absent. It is a constant interior struggle to balance violence and peace. It can never be one without the other. Peace was always obtained with the help of violence, and tranquility was broken by violence. Tom is a character who hides his past. He became a family man after he escaped from the mob. These facts made him in the eyes of his community a man with double identity. The community came to know a side of Toms’ that they were never aware of. During the plot Tom mutates, he turns from good to bad and vice versa. People are able to change, a different character is born, and new personality traits are formed as people grow up. A person identity is important because it places a person into society. Tom is Joey, Joey is Tom, they are one and the same person, one is from the past and one is the present, those two persons have to coexist in the end, it can not be one without the other because both are part of the same person. There is something dark and mysterious in every one of us. There are hidden parts of the human personality that can get revealed and shock everybody. There are various interpretations of David Cronenberg’s movie. It is a depiction of the long history of violence and its inheritance from generation to generation. Violence was and is used as a tool for settling disputes, it’s a â€Å"Darwinian evolution† in which stronger organism replace the weaker once. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_Violence_ (film)). BIBLIOGRAPHY: International Movie Database http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0399146/usercomments Wikipedia  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_Violence_(film)    How to cite A history of violence, Papers

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Discrimination and the Arts Essay Example For Students

Discrimination and the Arts Essay Provide an example from contemporary culture of people resisting (or not resisting) discrimination. Use this example to demonstrate your position on art as resistance. Consider questions such as: would art have helped the less empowered people fight back? Did art play a part in the arguments against discrimination? In what ways does art address discrimination in your example? You may use print or web sources for this example as long as you document these carefully. In addition, you must define what you mean by art in order to construct a strong argument. 5. Include in your paper an acknowledgement and rebuttal of an opposing or counter- argument. This section of your paper may be short, but it is a vital aspect of your paper, so dont forget to include it. IN OTHER WORDS, give the other side of your answer to the top question about art as an effective form Of resistance and then argue against If you answer yes, then say how people could argue no and argue against them. 6. You Will need to use at least five sources for this paper: THREE from Cultural Conversations (Du Bois plus two others) and TWO related to your example (they can be inconsolably). . GRADING BASED ON: forming a thesis, showing originality, constructing and organizing your argument, using textual evidence, showing you understand the main themes of the course/unit, dieting stylistic and grammatical standards, and finding and using sources. 8. Use MEAL format and citation style. Also use 1 inch margins and Times New Roman or similar font, No cover page please. Number your pa ges and include a header with your name and my name on it. Staple your paper. Dont forget a title. P roofed. W. E. B, Du Bois Marcus Graver Booker T. Washington Longboats Hughes Anna Julia Cooper Anonymous Reviewer Frances E,W, Harper Lifting the Veil Of Ignorance, B. T. Washington Memorial at Tuskegee University From Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man (1952): Then in my minds eye see the bronze Statue Of the college Founder, the cold Father symbol, his hands outstretched in the breathtaking gesture of lifting a veil that flutters in hard, metallic folds above the face off kneeling slave; and am standing puzzled, unable to decide whether the veil is really being lifted, or lowered more firmly in place; whether I am witnessing a revelation or a more efficient blinding. Bob Marled Redemption Song Emancipate yourself from mental slavery None but ourselves can free our minds, Longboats Hughes l, Too, Sing America Frances E. W. Harper aha Burdens of All From w. E. A. Du Bois criteria of Negro Art: PAGE 160: The apostle of beauty thus becomes the apostle of truth and right not by choice but by inner and outer compulsion. Free he is but his freedom is ever bounded by truth and justice; and slavery only dogs him when he is denied the right to tell the truth or recognize an ideal of justice Thus, all art is propaganda and ever must be, despite the wailing tooth purists I do not care a damn for any art that is not used for propaganda. But I do care when propaganda is confined to one side while the other is stripped and silent.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Theatre Review Three Tall Women Essay Research free essay sample

Theatre Review Three Tall Women Essay, Research Paper Edward Albee # 8217 ; s Three Tall Women, portrays the life of a adult female ( A ) who overcomes legion adversities. The full drama is set in the adult female # 8217 ; s sleeping room and the clip is the present. The dramatis personae of merely five, two of which have no lines, execute the drama arena manner. Upon coming to see this drama, I had perfectly no cognition of the narrative line or dramatist. With the first act, I followed the narrative easy, understanding the old adult female was 92 and physically incapable of caring for herself. However, it was non her make-up or motions that finally led me to believe she was 92 old ages old. It was her first line, # 8220 ; I # 8217 ; m ninety-two old ages old, # 8221 ; which gave me the intimation. Her make-up made her expression old, but non that old. Her hair, being dark grey as opposed to being white, possibly contributed her younger-than-ninety-two-years-old visual aspect. We will write a custom essay sample on Theatre Review Three Tall Women Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Besides, her motions were converting at times, but lacked infirmity at certain points. For case, when she returned from the bathroom and Saturday on the bed, she was really able to sit herself and sit really good without any back support whereas earlier she had needed aid every bit good as a pillow for her dorsum. The other characters, B and C, were converting in their costumes and make-up. However, I didn # 8217 ; t genuinely understand their characters. I couldn # 8217 ; t state if the nurse, B, was annoyed with the old adult female or if she felt sorry for her. Character C, the attorney, didn # 8217 ; t truly hold a defined character except that she exhibited no understanding for the old adult female. Her facial looks were blank at times and her motions seemed awkward. After intermission, the drama resumed and this clip, Thursday e old adult female was seemingly dead. All three characters returned, but this clip, they portrayed three different phases of the old woman’s life: a immature miss of 26, a middle-aged adult female of 52, and a much older adult female. After being confused at times during the first act, I was wholly baffled when the 2nd act began. It candidly took me about 15 proceedingss to understand the secret plan. The costumes genuinely fooled me since they all could hold been from present clip. The immature miss looked like she had merely come from a party and I believed that she was still the character of the attorney coming to see the old adult female after hearing the intelligence of her decease. I believed the same for character B, even though she was dressed more cautiously and had some grey runs in her hair. But when the older adult female entered on phase, able to walk freely and without a broken arm, I had no thought where the narrative had gone. Another factor that didn’t assistance me in my confusion, was the first soliloquy by the immature miss. She was once more awkward in motion, particularly in her short sequenced frock. At one point, she spoke of how she stands tall while she had been slouching her shoulders the whole clip. The illuming throughout the drama gave no hints to the narrative and fundamentally turned on in the beginning and off at the terminal. There were no important alterations, I didn # 8217 ; t bask the public presentation, and I didn # 8217 ; t truly like the drama itself. The narrative didn # 8217 ; t truly associate to me in any facet. I think that an older individual might bask the narrative line better. I would urge that my grandmother or aunt see this drama, but I would besides urge that they come to this public presentation cognizing a small spot more about the drama than I did.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Beggars and Thieves Literature Essay Sample

Beggars and Thieves Literature Essay Sample The Book Beggars and Thieves Literature Essay Example The Book Beggars and Thieves Literature Essay Example Modern world is highly competitive and people are in a constant race for enrichment and money because income affects quality of life, health, and social well-being. Even working hard does not guarantee social success and acknowledgement because some people have more opportunities and live in more prosperous environments than others. Crime thrives in poor areas and infects people with adjusting social deviations, making theft and beggary a common and trivial sign of modern highly industrialized urban cities. The problem is not new and it originates in poverty and approaches of officials to combating this evil. There are people who have hardly enough money to provide food and water for themselves and their families and there are people who possess endless bank accounts and can afford more than they want. High rates of income discrimination have become a serious threat to the world stability in the twenty first century and have led to development and thrive of street gang crime. It has become one of the most dangerous and latent forms of offence. Depending on delinquency prevention conditions, societies form psychological climate in the country and attitude to the state authorities and criminal justice. Street criminals are usually young people with antisocial behavior, formed on the background of the use of alcohol or drugs or leading a parasitic way of life. The problem originates in the crisis in economic, cultural, spiritual, and legal spheres of society and modern polarized world. The inability of social adaptation and marginalization make people get and return behind the bars again and again. Mark S. Fleisher discusses dimensions and roots of the problem in his book Beggars and Thieves: Lives of Urban Street Criminals issued in 1995. He investigates peculiarities and evils of ramshackle areas in Seattle and carries out a research based on personal experience of living in the street and in a real jail. Street Ethnography Being a social scientist, anthropologist Mark S. Fleisher (1995) tries to perceive the problem of thieves and beggars from inside and applies some modifications of traditional research methods. He wins confidence of felons and law offenders by establishment of equal and trustful relationships with them. He puts an aim to weave into the criminal social network by means of authoritative inmates (Fleisher, 1995). This way, he can perceive the problem of theft and beggary through the prism of criminals’ vision. Stylistics of the author is far from scientific writing. He adheres to numerous descriptions, reflections, and stylistic devices while depicting lively and characteristic signs of the street life. He writes in the first person singular and tries to use the same language as criminals because his first purpose is to weave into illegal social networks and be able to communicate positively with the outlaws. The primary method is an interview. Fleisher adapts questions to rules of the criminal world to make the interview relevant and lively. For example, simple questions about family background and marriage status can sound offensive because of socio-cultural non-adaptation and frustration. In cases with criminals, Fleisher has first obtained reference of some meaningful people to prove his liability. He invites people into a conversation through common dining and drinking bear. He does not conceal his intentions and tells sincerely about his purposes. Some criminals understand and some reject. However, in all cases the author underlines the necessity to be the same and non-conspicuous with his real social status and relevant social success. The essence of conditions created by Fleisher consists in sincere revelation of free and profitless ideas and evidences of those who just want to share their story and to relief their soul and conciseness. The collected database shows not only statistical information, but contains a lot of reflections and assumptions of the misdemeanants on the problem of poverty and possibility to combat it, conditions of first abuse, and acquaintance with drugs and substances. In his research, Fleisher (1995) feels sympathetic with criminals and tries to understand motives of their behavior. The author foresees possible conclusions about his empathy to the offenders. His free statements about the scope of drug traffic and consumption can lead to a thought that he has personal addiction to drugs and in such way only justifies his own weaknesses. The author does not give a direct answer about his own addictions. However, he admits that behaving like a criminal imposes certain destructive habits just by definition. He uses rude lexical units and behaves blatantly and offensively, as well as not shaving daily, as it is accepted in the middle class society. â€Å"Illegal behavior, to some degree, is required of researchers studying criminals† (Fleisher, 1995, p. 69). Fleisher sees that police officers and criminal authorities follow definite unspoken rules and support each other in providing order and its maintenance. The author started establishing connection with the criminal world through the local police. He wanted to study and analyze the street ethnography before entering jail conditions. Local cops turned out to be the most helpful and instructive guides. According to the Fleisher’s research (1995), the street is unsafe in certain areas, which are under control of criminal authorities and the police. There are representatives of various cultures and minorities, which often becomes a reason of discrimination and polarization of certain marginal groups. Thieves and beggars do not want to be homeless and vulnerable to abuse. However, they often fail to see the essence of their problem and discuss it with representatives of other ethnic group. The concept of connections seems to be crucial in establishment of relationships with criminals. Fleisher addressed the police in order to direct him in his street ethnography. He met Popcorn who became his green card into the world of drug dealers and hustlers. The man was a character whom Fleisher observed as being free and then in jail (Fleisher, 1995). Fleisher (1995) shows the connection between street crimes, ordinary thieves and beggars, and organized groups and syndicates. He explains gang signs seen on jail tattoos. By the way, he starts his interviews from the explanation of tattoo meanings and criminals are willing to discuss the topic. The scientist underlines that the international organized crime is flourishing in the United States despite strong legislation and political will to deal with this problem. The root can be in the division of responsibility between local law enforcement agencies, state, and federal authorities because they are fully exploited by criminal groups. Since the mid 60s, the US has expanded the arsenal of tools to fight organized crime and gangsters. The first law in this area became a universal law of 1968 on combating crime and ensuring safety on streets. It was passed against organized crime and included a large number of legal institutions. In particular, it established special investigation agen cies, which provided a guarantee of immunity to witnesses. They introduced a special penal provision for the punishment of participants of criminal organizations. Moreover, supporting programs for the most vulnerable and poor layers of the population were adopted and implemented. In the episode where the policemen ask Popcorn to show Fleisher how he plays his game, all men appear as allies. The episode evidently shows that the police and criminals know about each other much more than they reveal or report. â€Å"As long as a cop plays by street rules, local gang boys do not hold a grudge against him† (Fleisher, 1995, p. 30). Street gangs and bands represent branches of the organized criminal world. They prefer to involve young people and unite them in a typical way of clothing and behavior. The youth follow the general group trend in violence and appearance. It happens because in many situations streets of large and small settlements create a psychological climate for the population living there. It helps in evaluation of the criminal situation in a particular locality and region. It stipulates a social favorable or unfavorable effect on the formation of public opinion about activities not only of criminal justice, but also of the government in general. The study of regional aspects of street crime conducted by Fleisher reflects regional peculiarities and determinants of specific criminal manifestations in Seattle and other urban regions of the American gang world. In most cases, street gangs display aggression and offence and try to violate social norms. Distorted Families Mark Fleisher researches early memories of thieves and beggars in a natural trustful conversation. All interviewed criminals reveal signs of early violence experiences and abuse. The author underlines effects of parents’ negligence and evil environment on further aggression and illegal activities. He puts questions of what can and should be done for delinquents’ prevention from offensive forms of behavior. He comes to a non-consoling conclusion that it is too late to change their fate at that time of their life. In the last chapter, Fleisher (1995) underlines that thieves and beggars are much better settled in jails than in life outside the bars. They have food and shelter and have the job to be done. They have time for rest and different facilities such as ping-pong and library. Outlaws can meet and communicate with relatives if they have any. Description of a Seattle jail includes two televisions. The author shows that the convicted feel much more realized in jail tha n in the real social environment they originate from (Fleisher, 1995). Such situation shows absence of a necessity to rehabilitate and socialize in the modern highly competitive world. People do not strive to change and improve anything in their lives. They accept as a fact that their fate is to go with the flow and do not look for some opportunities or promotion in life. The government gives up, facing this challenge of criminals’ self-rejection. They do not offend the social order and do not die of hunger or cold and here the official mission is completed. Fleisher reveals this in dialogues with misdemeanants and reveals their perception that little can contribute to the improvement of their self-esteem and social rehabilitation. He sees special mission in preventing children from imprinting addictive and destructive forms of behavior and, especially, home violence. Fleisher’s main suggestion is fencing of the new generation from evil aggressive misdemeanors. He underlines that parents and local authorities should detect cases of home violence and abuse with more accuracy and attention. Causes of domestic violence are numerous. According to Fleisher, the phenomenon has a socio-cultural nature and is an integral part of stereotyped notions about the nature of family relationships perceived through early childhood impressions. It represents the only possible model of behavior. The abuse may be the result of personal life experience of individuals and, thereby, they create moral and psychological grounds to consider this type of relationship as versatile. Another group of causes is associated with childhood trauma, which is an early devastating experience that makes the individual develop his/her childs c omplexes (Fleisher, 1995). Fleisher gives examples how domestic violence results into offensive and abusive behaviors in adult life of the observed criminals. Social and psychological frustration caused by external influences exceeds limits of personal resilience of individuals, forcing them to seek compensation and revenge. The author has found a special role in the growth of violence in such mental factors as weakening control instincts, frustration, aggression, alcoholism, and psychopathology. Violence is closely associated with social stress in the family. Among many problems that can raise the level of tension and lead to violence are differences in parenting, sex deviations, pregnancy, money problems, unemployment, or the need for long-term medical care. Constant parents’ irritation can partly be explained by chronic anxiety about unresolved issues, which creates a mismatch between desires and capabilities. Non-participation in social activities and limited availability of social support increase the risk of violence. Fleisher’s studies have shown that alcohol and drugs are not the same. Even a small amount of alcohol can affect aggressiveness and lead to aggression. In cases with a drug dose, people, on the contrary, soften and differentiate. People do not display violence because they have taken drugs, but because they cannot accept them. Therefore, some cases of violence appear in an attempt to get money from relatives for buying drugs. In cases of abuse of the elderly, a major psychological factor is the role change and dependence of adult children on parents. At the same time, certain characteristics of the victim, such as constant claims and complaints, can also contribute to violence. Adolescent Survival According to Fleisher’s observations (1995), the problem of juvenile offence can originate from family and social environment of adolescents. For example, poor relationships with parents can become the main reason of aggression and offence of the youth. In families where parents experience difficulties with personal social adaptation, children tend to be neglected, stressful, and frustrated. They are apt to using drugs, alcohol, or other addictive substances as their parents do. When parents fail in establishment of friendly and trustful relationships with their children, there can appear hostility and disbelief in young hearts. The lack of moral and financial encouragement can lead to poor learning skills development and illiteracy. Children need happy, confident, and successful parents, i.e. a positive example and trust in the world. If adults in a family need corrections themselves, they should be treated and rehabilitated together with their children. They have to be taught about modern principles of non-violence and abuse avoidance by specially trained people or in specially organized groups. Problems of trust deficiency in a family and absence of support make young people vulnerable to numerous addictions of the twenty-first century such as alcohol, cigarettes, and drugs. They start neglecting social rules and norms and look for protection and self-realization by joining certain youth sub-cultures and deviant groups. It is not a secret that nowadays the youth adhere to processes of differentiation. Differentiating factors appear more visibly than integrating ones. Under conditions of a radical transformation in the society, there have appeared profound changes in its stratification. Social polarization reflects trends relating to disengagement of traditionally preserved connections and values (Fleisher, 1995). Social crisis has spawned break of principles and norms of public morality: what was good has suddenly become obsolete and devoid of practical significance. Various marginal flows have poured into subcultures of the young generation, hence ensuring total rejection of traditional cultural values. Delinquency, rejection, and denial of any rules and regulations have started flourishing on that fertile soil. When gathering in gangs, teens can despise the law and morality or show wanton vandalism. What makes them act this way? What underlies these protests? Fleisher believes that antisocial sub-cultural groups and gangs arose in response to differences in initial conditions of the native environment. A subculture is a kind of reaction of the society, especially its younger generation, to the inability to become owners of decent life, namely to get good education and job or become rich, successful, and acknowledged. Subculture has appeared as an answer to the contradiction. Young people could achieve goals, sometimes illegally, while maintaining their own self and ensuring acquisition of their unique nature. As with other categories of social science, rejection is a form of perception of social reality. In Fleisher’s view, human development is moving towards increasing freedom that not every person can adequately take advantage of (Fleisher, 1995). It can cause a number of negative experiences and mental states, which lead to alienation. As a result of exhausting struggle, young people sometimes lose themselves, social stability, trust of relatives and step into the way of crime. Attention to problems of thieves and beggars is crucial because of their uncontrollable affects on the future generation and well-being of whole human settlements, especially in large urban regions. Fleisher generates a set of circumstances that form the distinctive shape of crime in big cities. It becomes evident not only in the quantitative characteristics prevailing in the criminological situation, but also in qualitative changes of the concepts of crime in the broadest sense. The author implies that in many cases criminals adhere to unspoken rules and behavior, which are effective and relevant to the current situation of addiction and abuses. The perception of justice and crime has acquired new features in the growing generation and the signs of aggressive reactions and rejection of social norms and rules point out evident drawbacks and lacunas in the system of education and upbringing. Fleisher reveals numerous examples of cruelty and cases where the imperturbable crowd watches a violent crime on the streets of a big city without calling the police. These are symptoms of indifference and insensitivity, developing under the influence of the general structure of a modern large city. The anonymity of city streets facilitates crime and fleeing of criminals. There is a vicious circle in which, on the one hand, the fear of crime is driving people off the streets, out of parks and squares. On the other hand, the emptiness of streets and parks promotes growth of street crime, which reinforces the fear. Architecture of modern large cities, including land, streets, parks, and squares does not enhance primary informal social control, but has a rather destructive effect, which in turn increases social isolation and fear of street crime among urban residents. The book of Mark S. Fleisher (1995) raises crucial problems of the increasing amount of delinquents in modern global connections and communication. Modern thieves and beggars shift their evil habits from the street to the Internet. The lack of morals and a desire for quick and easy enrichment make them scammers and cyber crime abusers. Formation of a thief or beggar remains conditioned by those social ties to the environment from which the person originates and grows. Antisocial attitudes, aspirations, inclinations, and other negative traits of an individual are undoubtedly a product of assimilation of similar views and orientation based on the surrounding social environment. Young people are in a constant and direct communication with other people, as well as in a range of roles and relationships that they perform every day. It affects strategies of stating and achieving goals. According to Fleisher (1995), the personality of a street criminal is characterized by such features as high sensitivity in interpersonal relationships, adherence to oppressive and violent methods in various conflicts, poor knowledge of the requirements of legal and ethical standards, and alienation from the society and its values. These features form a specific typology of thieves and beggars for whom offenses are a norm and a usual way of behavior. People repeatedly commit crimes because they have not seen other forms of communication and getting what they want in their past. The inability to resist adverse circumstances leads to reinforcement of negative and offensive activities. Personal characteristics of law perpetrators make them avoid negative effects and they fail to look for possible success. Attempts of the government to change the situation have not led to any sufficient results. On the contrary, it should be noted that the offensive psychology acquired in the street criminal experience now appears in other spheres of social media activity. For half a century, the police have persecuted, accused, imprisoned, and even ruined criminals. They have a professionally organized, well-trained service for investigation of organized crime and a disclosure set of intricate conspiracy involving dangerous criminals. They spend billions of dollars on ceasing the drug trade borders, eradicating union extortionists, and checking taxes paid by speculators and gamblers. However, the organized crime continues to conduct business as usual and involves millions of new victims every year.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

The purpose of taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The purpose of taxation - Essay Example He purchased this business from another owner in July of that same year. The business's total market value metes between $275,000 and $330,000. A potential buyer, Margaret, was willing to purchase the business and relieve the fiscal duties from Mr. Smith's hands. Peter Smith grew anxious because he will be charged by the capital gains tax and he tries to make every effort to avoid selling the property earlier than June 30. Margaret negotiated with Smith to purchase the business with a deposit of $33,000 and finish the payment with a settlement and installments. Under the negotiations, Peter is required to provide vendor's finance to Margaret. When the final installment was paid, Peter Smith had a net gain of about $10,000 (based on its property's highest market value). Because Mr. Smith provided Margaret with vendor finance, he is liable to increase the sales price, earn interest, and may acquire an interest in Margaret. (http://www.investorwords.com/5844/vendor_financing.html) Under CGT (Capital Gains Tax) reforms of 2006, all income arising from Australian sources are subject to income tax. The sources that are taxable range from real property, company, trusts, and land. In addition, gains acquired from a sale of a company on the premises of Australian real property are also considered a source. The Federal Government of Australia passed the reforms to mitigate the Australian CGT base as it applies to non-residents who possess a concrete interest in Australian entities. The CGT reforms will expand the Australian CGT base because it concerns non-residents who dispose of interests in resident or non-resident entities who se worth is irrefutably linked to Australian real property. An unregistered resident was previously only subject to Australian CGT on gains made in respect of assets that had the necessary connection with Australia. Such assets included land and buildings located in Australia, shares in Australian companies or trusts and assets used at any time in carrying on a business through a permanent establishment in Australia. Since Mr. Smith business resides in the country, it is subject to those rules. He will have to pay a property tax on the foreclosure of the business. Under Australia's double tax agreement, Australia has the right to tax the profit on the purchase of Australian real property regardless if the person is not a resident of the country. If Peter Smith is a non-resident, he will be taxed under the precepts of Taxable Australian Property in a few categories. The federal government will tax the estate based on principles of Taxable Australian real property. It must be a CGT asset that has an indirect Australian real property interest and is not covered by a CGT asset that addresses the disregard for profit or deficit after the relinquishment of his or her citizenship of being an Australian. Another aspect is should that real estate has been used for fiscal affairs and transactions and not covered by Taxable Australian real property and indirect Australian real property interest assured on t he Income Tax Assessment Act of 1997, it will be taxed. Furthermore, the purchase of Mr. Smith's property may be considered as an "indirect real property interest." That is, a membership interest at least ten percent in a resident or -as in Mr. Smith's case- non-resident quiddity where

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Reflective report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Reflective report - Essay Example Postoperative anxiety is to be expected for these patients, and nurses and other health practitioners within the surgical ward are tasked with educating the patient about the surgery, providing emotional support, and reducing the emotional impact of the surgical procedure. Some of the other patients in the surgical ward are also undergoing postoperative care. Postoperative care for these patients include pain management, monitoring of vital signs, monitoring for bleeding, and monitoring for infection. In the case of the patient subject of this reflection, the patient is a 55 year old female patient who has recently undergone thyroidectomy. She is married, with 3 children, and has worked as a school teacher for 35 years. Six months ago she first noticed that there was a lump at her throat area. She ignored it at first, but four months prior to the surgery, the lump seemed to get bigger. Upon seeking medical consult, she was diagnosed with hyperthyroidism. This caused her goitre. After a month of treatment, her goitre continued to enlarge. Hence the thyroidectomy was scheduled. Post-operative pain medications were ordered for the patient by his attending surgeon. In this case, the controlled drug morphine was ordered. The patient registered pain levels on the scale of 1-10 (with 10 being the most severe) at 9/10. The pain was localized at the incision site at her throat area and she described it as a throbbing and persistent pain. She also registered pain when she would move. The administration of the morphine managed to reduce the pain levels to 3/10. Additional pain management included guided imagery where the patient was asked to picture pleasant scenarios as a means of distracting herself from the pain that she was feeling. I also checked the incision site for signs of bleeding and infection. I also monitored her blood pressure and vital signs. Her blood pressure as well as vital signs remained within normal levels within the postoperative period. The adminis tration of the morphine Oramorph SR was orally through a tablet every 12 hours. Based on hospital policy, no more than 2 tablets were administered to the patient within a 24 hour period. Morphine was also not administered when necessary as per hospital policy. An order by the attending physician was necessary before morphine could be administered. The nurses are required to instruct patients not to chew the tablets before swallowing because it can cause the release of the drug into the body all at once, possibly causing serious health issues, in some cases, death. The patient’s mouth was also washed after each administration. I was also asked to check for side or adverse effects of the drug, including: dizziness, lightheadedness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, weight loss, dry mouth, headache, confusion, stiff muscles, mood changes, chills, and flu symptoms. More serious symptoms requiring immediate medical care included slow or irregular breathing, bluish coloration to the ski n, fast or slow heartbeat, seizures, hallucinations, blurred vision, hives, and rashes. Section 2 While caring for this patient, I was able to learn more about the protocols in the administration of the controlled drug morphine. The learning was able to emphasize the importance of understanding the application and use of controlled drugs, especially those used for pain relief (Hardwick, 2009). The

Monday, November 18, 2019

Corporate Finance Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Corporate Finance Project - Essay Example Because of their fewness, oligopolists have considerable control over their prices, but each must consider the possible reaction of rivals to its own pricing, output & advertising decision. Oligopoly pricing behavior has the characteristics of certain game of strategy, such as poker, chess, & bridge. The best way to play such game depends on the way one's opponent plays. Players (& oligopolists) must pattern their actions according to the actions & expected reaction of rivals. The study of how people behave in strategic situations is called game theory. In other words, game theory analyzes the way that two or more players choose strategies that jointly affect each-other. This theory that sounds frivolous in its terminology is fought with significance & was largely developed by john Von Neumann (1903 - 1957), a Hungarian-born mathematical genius. Economists, union-management disputes, country's trade policies, international environmental agreements, reputations, & a host of other situations have used game theory. It offers insights for policies, welfare, & everyday life as well. Thus, similarly, in our motto in the market competition in the product market for business i nvestment purpose, this theory has a major implication. To realize so, we will need to move for the further analysis. Here, the vertical rust arrows show uptown's price cuts; the horizontal rust arrows show Starship's matching each price cut. ... Why Because the only price compatible with both stratifies is a price of 0, 90% of 0 is 0. Finally, it dawns on the two firms- when one firm cuts its price, the other firm will match the price cut. Only if the firms are shortsighted will they think that they can undercut each-other for long. So, they will think that- What will my rival do if I cut my price or raise my price Basic Explanation: In a duopoly market, it is assumed that each firm has the same cost & demand structure, each can choose whether to charge its normal or lower price below marginal cost & try to drive its rival into bankruptcy & then capture the entire market. The novel element is the firm's profits will depend on its rival's strategy as well as on its own growth. A useful tool for representing the interaction between two firms is a two way payoff table or matrix which shows the strategic & payoffs of a game between two players. In this table, a firm can choose between the strategies listed in its rows or columns like below- In this figure, each firm decides whether to charge its high price or to start a price war by choosing a lower price. Cell A, at the upper left, shows the outcome when both firm choose the high price; D is the outcome when both choose to conduct a price war & B & C result when one firm has a high price & one a war price. The numbers insight the cells show the payoffs of the two firms, the profits earned by each firm for each of the four outcomes. The rust number in the lower left shows the payoff to the player on the left (Starship), the upper right shows the payoff of the player at the top (Uptown) as the firms are identical, the payoffs are mirror images. Alternative

Friday, November 15, 2019

Dolutegravir Drug for Virologic Suppression

Dolutegravir Drug for Virologic Suppression Graphical abstract: Dolutigravir, second generation integrase inhibitor: A new hope for HIV patients Geeta Yadav Mesra, Ranchi Abstract: Undeterred efforts have been made and will be made in future to make it possible for HIV-infected individuals to achieve the goals of virologic suppression and one more result of this rigrous exercise is dolutegravir drug. It is the recent integrase inhibitor approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in the treatment-naà ¯ve, treatment-experienced, HIV-infected adults who have previously taken HIV therapy and also for children ages 12 years and older weighing at least 40 kilograms (kg) who are treatment-naà ¯ve or treatment-experienced but have not previously taken other integrase strand transfer inhibitors. This article has reviewed all the aspects of drug including the structural and functional analyses, in vitro activity, pharmacokinetics, drug-drug interactions, MOA, metabolism, excretion, dosing/ adverse effects and resistance profile of dolutegravir. Dolutegravir is a potent and generally well tolerated antiretroviral agent that may play an impor tant role in the treatment of patients harboring resistance to other antiretrovirals.Some new combinations of drug with other antiretrovirals are also in pipeline which may hope to increase the immunologic response of the HIV patients. Key words:Dolutegravir,  antiretroviral,  integrase inhibitor,  HIV Introduction With the use of antiretrovirals with improved potency, tolerability, and resistance profiles, people with HIV are living longer and receiving longer-term care but even after so much advancement in therapy, they are struggling with an unknown fear of death [1, 2]. So, the need for new antiretroviral agents still continues to be substantial even after more than 20 years into the era of antiretroviral therapy, which have better tolerability, higher barriers to resistance, distinct resistance profiles, and fewer drug–drug interactions. These features of desiring drug have been inspiring the scientist all over the world to develop new agents that are not only focused on traditional targets but also on new novel therapeutic targets. The development of drugs targeting on critical steps in the life cycle of HIV-1 are drug classes that include HIV-1 reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (both nucleoside analogues and non-nucleoside inhibitors), HIV-1 protease inhibitors, and HIV-1 entry inh ibitors (fusion inhibitors and CCR5 antagonists). The newest class of drugs in HIV treatment is the integrase inhibitor (INI) class. Retroviral DNA Integration with the host DNA is an essential step in the life cycle of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [3], as shown in figure 1. This integration process is facilitated by the viral integrase (IN) enzyme which catalyzes the insertion of the viral DNA into the host genome in a multistep process. The process of HIV-1 integration occurs through 3 essential steps: formation of the preintegration viral DNA complex, 3’ processing and strand transfer [4]. HIV IN recognizes and binds specific sequences in the long terminal repeats (LTRs) of the viral retrotranscribed DNA in the cytoplasm. After DNA binding, IN cleaves GT dinucleotides from the 3’ termini of the linear cDNA in a process called 3’ processing .The processed viral DNA, as part of the preintegration complex, is then translocated into the nucleus, where IN inserts the viral DNA into the host chromosome by a process called strand transfer [4-6]. Figure 1 Schematic representation of HIV integration Abbreviations: LTRs, long-term repeats; PIC, preintegration complex. Integrase inhibitors (INIs) represent a class of drugs for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals, blocking HIV genome transfer and integration into the host cell DNA [7]. In this category, first drug which got FDA approval was raltegravir (RAL) which have been found to be highly effective for the treatment of antiretroviral- naive and antiretroviral-experienced subjects and one more recent drug is elvitegravir (EVG) [8-12]. However, these first-generation INIs share common resistance pathways. During clinical studies of RAL, subjects with virologic failure and reduced RAL susceptibility typically are found to have virus with 1 of 3 signature mutational pathways (ie, N155H, Q148H/K/R, or Y143C/H/R) in the integrase gene [13]. So, continuing RAL treatment in these circumstances may lead to the addition of secondary mutations or pathways and N155H may evolve to Y143 or Q148 pathways [10]. In addition to this, EVG does not appear to have activity agains t RAL-resistant isolates and same case is with RAL [14-16]. Therefore, there is a need for an INI with a high barrier to resistance and activity in subjects with human immunodeficiency virus type. So, recent addition included in this category is Dolutegravir (DTG). This review article aims to covers all the aspects related to the dolutegravir which will help the scientists, academicians and common men to statisfy their knowledge pangs, like in vitro activity, pharmacokinetics, drug-drug interactions, MOA, metabolism, excretion, dosing/ adverse effects and resistance profile of dolutegravir as shown in figure 2, which exemplify methodology and evaluation of dolutegravir with the help of different information sources Dolutegravir (DTG) discovered by a Shionogi and GlaxoSmithKline research collaboration, is a second generation novel HIV-1 integrase strand transfer inhibitor having activity against INI resistant viruses. In addition to it, also have favorable pharmacokinetic properties [17, 18]. It is indicated for use in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV-1 in adults and children aged 12 years and older weighing at least 40 kg. It is available as a small, yellow, 50-mg tablet. Moreover, it can be taken with or without food and at any time of the day. Structural and functional analyses of Dolutegravir (DTG) Dolutegravir (DTG, S/GSK1349572) effectively inhibits HIV-1 IN variants which are resistant to the first-generation INIs. The structural basis for the increased potency of DTG resistant INIs is that it occupies almost the same physical space within the IN active site and make contacts with the ÃŽ ²4-ÃŽ ±2 loop of the catalytic core domain. Dolutegravir molecule has been divided into three main structural parts like tricyclic metal-chelating core, difluorophenyl ring and linker group which play a significant role in its binding to the protein as shown in figure 3. Tricyclic metal-chelating core binds to the intasome active site with the three coplanar oxygen atoms coordinated to Mg2+ cations The extended linker region connecting the metal chelating core and the halobenzyl group of DTG allows it to enter farther deeper into the pocket vacated by the displaced viral DNA base and to make more intimate contacts with viral DNA [19]. Figure 3 Structural and functional analysis of Dolutegravir IN VITRO ACTIVITY Dolutegravir has shown potent in vitro activity against both wild-type HIV and many INI-resistant mutants. It has potential for a higher genetic barrier to resistance. Dolutegravir has shown potent in vitro activity against HIV-1, with mean EC50 values of 0.5 nM (0.21 ng/mL) to 2.1 nM (0.85 ng/mL), IC50 of 2.7 nM and an IC90 of 2.0 nM in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and MT-4 cells. It also shows activity against HIV-2 virus with EC50 of 0.09 nM to 0.61 nM in PBMC assays. Cellular toxicity is also in the micromolar range for a variety of cell types, indicating that the observed antiviral effect of S/GSK1349572 are not due to cytotoxicity. S/GSK1349572 shows potency against all integrase- resistant single mutants with an FC as high as 3.6-fold. In the presence of S/GSK1349572 no virus with high resistance to S/GSK1349572 was observed with 32 nM or higher concentrations of S/GSK1349572 in the culture medium. In vitro experimental studies reported that dolutegravir does not cause toxicity when used in combination, but had a synergistic effect with nevirapine, efavirenz, abacavir, stavudine, lopinavir, amprenavir, and enfuvirtide, as well as an additive effect when only used in combination with maraviroc. Efficacy of dolutegravir is also not affected on exposure to the adefovir and ribavirin [20]. Pharmacokinetics Dolutegravir has a favourable pharmacokinetic profile without requirement of boosters and its terminal half-life is approximately 13–15 h [21, 22]. AUC0–24h and Cmax values are slightly less than the dose in the range of 2–50mg following single and multiple doses. One noteable change is the nonlinearness in Cmax and AUC with the increase in dose, So, a twice-daily 50mg regimen has been evaluated in the phase 3 ARV-experienced clinical trial rather than a once-daily 100mg dose [22-24]. The geometric mean steady-state concentration at the end of the dosing interval (Ctau) for a 50 mg dose was reported to be 1.6 ÃŽ ¼g/mL, which was approximately 25-fold higher than the protein-adjusted IC90 (0.064 ÃŽ ¼g/mL). A monotherapy study of, 10 days of dolutegravir 50mg daily dose in integrase inhibitor naà ¯ve HIV-1-infected adults demonstrated a 2.48 mean log10 reduction in HIV-1 RNA. This reduction was sustained for 4 days after discontinuation of dolutegravir only becoz of plasma concentrations which remained above the protein adjusted IC90. Overall, variability in exposure was minimal: 50 mg dosing to steady-state conditions achieved a geometric mean Cmax of 3.34 mg/ml (16% coefficient of variation), an AUC0–24h of 43.4 mg_h/ml (20% coefficient of variation), a t1/2 of 12.0 h (22% coefficient of variation) and a C24h of 0.83 mg/ml (26% coefficient of variation) [22]. A pediatric granule formulation of dolutegravir is currently in development. Preliminary data investigation reported that granules mixed in purified water have increased exposure compared with the tablet formulation with a geometric least-squares mean ratio (90% CI) for AUC0-inf of 1.57 (1.45–1.69) [23]. Drug–drug interactions Dolutegravir pharmacokinetics has been evaluated in a single-dose crossover study for the effect of food and found that its absorption is modestly increased with food according to fat content [24]. Fat content affects the absorption of dolutegravir as noticed by the increased median Tmax from 2h to 3, 4, and 5h for low-fat, moderate-fat, and high-fat meals, respectively. Whereas dolutegravir AUC increased from 33 to 66% when administered with low-fat (300 kcal, 7% fat), moderate fat (600 kcal, 30% fat) and high fat food (870 kcal, 53% fat), respectively. [22, 24]. But these changes are not expected to affect safety or efficacy, So, dolutegravir can be dosed without regard to food. Dolutegravir causes drug-drug interactions with integrase inhibitors and some other drugs which is shown in Table 2. Table 2. Dolutegravir (DTG) drug interaction with integrase inhibitors and other category drugs S.No Interacting drug class Interacting drug Effect on dolutegravir 1 Antiretrovirals NRTIs Tenofovir No significant effect observed[25] 2 Antiretrovirals NNRTIs Efavirenz DTG AUC, Cmax, and Cmin decreased 57, 39, and 75% [26] Etravirine DTG AUC, Cmax, and Cmin decreased 70.6, 51.6, and 87.9%. [27] ETR/DRV/r administration results in 25, 11.8, and37.1% decreases in DTG AUC, Cmax, and Cmin ETR/LPV/r administration results in 11, 7, and 28% increases in DTG AUC, Cmax, and Cmin [27] 3 Antiretrovirals PIs Darunavir/r DTG AUC, Cmax, and Cmin decreased 22, 11, and 38% [28] Atazanavir DTG AUC, Cmax, and Cmin increased 91, 50, and 180% [29] Lopinavir/r No significant effect observed [28] Fosamprenavir DTG AUC, Cmax, and Cmin decreased 35, 24, and 49% [30] Tipranavir DTG AUC, Cmax, and Cmin decreased 59, 46, and 76% [26] 4 Antituberculosis drugs Rifampin DTG AUC and Cmin increased 33 and 22% with DTG 50mg b.i.d.+ rifampin 600mg q.d. compared with DTG 50mg daily [31] Rifabutin DTG AUC and Cmin decreased 5 and 30%, Cmax increased 15 % [32] 5 Acid-reducing agents- PPIs/H2 RA Omeprazole No significant effect observed [33] Antacids DTG AUC, Cmax, and Cmin decreased 73.6, 72.4, and 74.4% [33] DTG, Dolutegravir; ETR, Etravirine; EVG, Elvitegravir; LPV, Lopinavir; NNRTI, Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NRTI, Nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI, Protease Inhibitor; PPI, Proton pump inhibitor; r, Ritonavir; RAL, Raltegravir. Mechanism of Action Dolutegravir inhibits HIV integrase by binding to the integrase active site and blocking the strand transfer step of retroviral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) integration which is essential for the HIV replication cycle as demonstrated in Figure 4. In this process, the integrase inhibitor chelate with the two Mg2+ ions in the integrase catalytic active site, unable the integrase enzyme to complete the strand transfer [21]. Inhibition of the integrase strand transfer reaction by DTG has been confirmed in studies with live virus, which demonstrated an accumulation of 2- long terminal repeat (2-LTR) circles in treated cells at DTG concentrations Figure 4. Mechanism of action of DTG Metabolism/Excretion Dolutegravir metabolism occurs through CYP3A4 (UGT1A1 glucuronidation) a major pathway while UGT1A3 and UGT1A9 are only minor pathways, which is catalysed by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1 enzyme. In vitro studies reported that it is not a cytochrome P450 (CYP) inducer and neither an inhibitor. However, dolutegravir is an OCT2 inhibitor [21, 36]. Dolutegravir is also a substrate of UGT1A3, UGT1A9, BCRP, and P-gp in vitro [37]. It is the predominant circulating compound in plasma and the renal elimination of unchanged drug is extremely low ( Figure 5. Metabolic pathway of dolutegravir Dose/Adverse effects Dolutegravir tablets are usually taken unboosted, orally and without regard to food [39]. Different dose combination studies with other drugs are reported to be performed to find the best combination with high resistance barrier as shown in table1. The most common adverse effects reported to be associated with dolutegravir Phase III SPRING-2 trial were nausea, headache, nasophryngitis, diarrhea and also a slight increase in creatinine level due to inhibition of creatinine secretion; however, dolutegravir had no effect on glomerular filtration rate [47, 48]. Some common drug -related adverse events were also notified during Phase III VIKING-3 trial in treatment-experienced subjects were diarrhea, nausea, and headache [49]. S.No Phase study Patients Dolutegravir vs other drug combinatons 1 Phase III SPRING-2 Study Treatment naà ¯ve Dolutegravir 50 mg once daily versus raltegravir 400 mg twice daily, each in combination with either tenofovir DF/emtricitabine (Truvada) or abacavir/lamivudine (Epzicom) 40 2 Phase III SINGLE Study Treatment naà ¯ve Dolutegravir 50 mg in combination with abacavir/lamivudine (Epzicom) once daily versus tenofovir DF/emtricitabine/ efavirenz (Atripla) once daily41 3 Phase III SAILING Study Treatment experienced, integrase inhibitor-naà ¯ve Dolutegravir 50 mg once daily versus raltegravir 400 mg twice daily, each in combination with background therapy42 4 Phase III VIKING-3 Study Treatment-experienced with previous or current failure on raltegravir or elvitegravir Open-label dolutegravir 50 mg twice daily with current failing background regimen for 7 days, then with an optimized background regimen43 5 Phase III VIKING-4 Study Treatment-experienced with virus resistant to raltegravir and/ or elvitegravir at screening Dolutegravir 50 mg twice daily versus placebo , each in combination with current failing background regimen for 7 days, then with open-label dolutegravir 50 mg twice daily in combination with an optimized background regimen for both arms44 6 Combination under study A fixed-dose combination (FDC) tablet (dolutegravir 50 mg abacavir 600 mg/lamivudine 300 mg) and a dolutegravir pediatric granule45,46 Resistance Dolutegravir (DTG) have been found to have a higher genetic barrier to resistance than raltegravir and elvitegravir [50]. Primary integrase resistance mutations associated with dolutegravir have not yet been identified. But viruses containing G140S, E138K, R148H, R263K, and G140S/Q148HRK mutations may show some level of resistance to dolutegravir. [50,39]. Raltegravir-resistant virus carrying a mutation at position Q148 had more reduced susceptibility to dolutegravir than isolates with other raltegravir mutations [51]. In vitro selection studies reported R263K mutation which commonly emerges in integrase in the presence of dolutegravir. R263K confers low-level resistance against dolutegravir and diminishes HIV DNA integration and viral fitness and no secondary mutation H51Y and E138K has been shown to compensate for the defects associated with the R263K primary resistance mutation against dolutegravir. All secondary mutations have a modest effect on resistance against this drug [52, 53]. Future of dolutegravir ViiV Healthcare has requested US regulatory for the approval of a new single-tablet regimen (STR) containing dolutegravir, abacavir and lamivudine. A European regulatory application has also been submitted, according to the company. This combination, taken as separate pills, worked well in the aforementioned trials. If approved, the new co-formulation will offer the first one-pill, once-daily regimen that does not contain tenofovir/emtricitabine and could be particularly beneficial for people with, or at risk for, kidney disease or osteoporosis. Results from the primary analysis, presented at the Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC) also reported that 90% of people taking dolutegravir and 83% taking darunavir/ritonavir achieved undetectable viral load in a snapshot analysis, with dolutegravir meeting the criteria for statistical superiority. Based on these findings the researchers concluded that dolutegravir provide a potent and well-tolerated new option for first-line HIV treatment [54]. Conclusion HIV-1 integrase is a unique target for antiretroviral therapy. Dolutegravir, a once-daily HIV strand integrase inhibitor currently approved for HIV-1 infected patients, provides at least equivalent antiviral efficacy and better tolerability compared with approved antiretroviral drugs. Efforts are ongoing for the approval of new single-tablet regimen (STR) containing dolutegravir, abacavir and lamivudine and also it would minimize the number of pills required for effective and acceptable antiretroviral treatment. Because of its unique mechanism of action, demonstrated virologic activity, resistance profile and tolerability, it is a significant advancement in HIV-1 therapeutics which will help HIV patients in long run.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Vicarious Trauma. Essay -- Health, Diseases

The purpose of this paper is to examine the federal, state, and/or local legislation or policies that have been enacted or created to address/ change vicarious trauma. Although posttraumatic stress theory has been extensively developed in the psychological and medical literature in the last decade, development of vicarious trauma theory or what the literature refers to as secondary traumatization is in its infancy. To date, there is minimal information on policies or legislation that helps address this issue. The occupational health, safety and welfare Policy and the Critical incident Debriefing Policy are two federal policies that address the prevention of vicarious trauma. Research suggests that vicarious trauma is an â€Å"occupational hazard, which is an unavoidable result of undertaking working with survivors of trauma† (Perlman and Saakvitne, 1995). The Occupational health and safety act (OSHA) was introduced by congress in the early 1960’s to protect workers from being exposed to chemicals and life threatening working conditions. With the passing of the act in 1971 congress declared its intent "to ensure so far as possible every working man and woman in the nation a safe and healthy working conditions and to preserve our human resources†( Muss,1993 p. 39). With the growing number of work place stressors and the decline in work place performance, this has a great impact on the organizations revenue. Congress demanded change, therefore in 1986 , the Occupatio nal Health and Safety Act was revised to include section nineteen. Section nineteen of ( OHSA) requires â€Å" that all employers provide a safe working environment and this applies to all areas including the employee’s mental health and well being†(Occupational Health, S... ...porate debriefing and self-care techniques to address and alleviate the impact of vicarious trauma. After researching policies and the law as it relates to vicarious trauma. I have concluded that there is a substantial need for further research .There is also a growing consensus that there is a need to address the immediate needs of those exposed to trauma –the need for safety, restoration and connection to social support before addressing the trauma itself. There also is large amounts of research the identifies and defines the cause of vicarious trauma. However, concerning treatment there is little not any research. The consistent them for the prevention of vicarious trauma is self-care and the devolvement of positive coping skills. However, there needs to be a structured set of universal guidelines that can be referenced across the board to address this issue.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Formal essay Essay

The therapeutic relationship is an important component of nursing. Nurses use their own awareness of self as a valuable tool to build rapport with patients and develop the therapeutic relationship. This essay will demonstrate the importance of self awareness by discussing how it can be developed, the advantages of self awareness, and the consequences of not practising self awareness in nursing contexts. There are a number of ways that a nurse can develop self awareness. Smith and Jones (2012) suggested that self awareness can be developed by †¦ Johns and Harrison (2009) agreed, but also suggested that †¦ would be useful. However, there was some disagreement with these findings. A research study conducted by Marks and Spencer (2010) found that †¦ Although some of these authors disagreed on the methods of developing self awareness, what they did agree on was the advantages for patients if nurses are self aware. When nurses are self aware, benefits for the patient include †¦ The benefit to communication was stated emphatically by Lewis and Carroll (2008) who found that †¦ Similarly, other authors have noted that †¦ (Brown, & Green, 2009; Butcher, & Baker, 2011). There are also benefits for the nurse who is self aware. For example, †¦ Similarly, healthcare organisations can benefit when their staff are more self aware because †¦ The benefits of self awareness have been clearly demonstrated, but consideration must also be given to what might happen to a therapeutic relationship if nurses are not self aware. If a nurse is not self aware, the ramifications for the therapeutic relationship can be severe. Smith and Jones (2012) reported on an instance where a lack of self awareness on the part of a nurse resulted in †¦ They suggested that greater self awareness on the part of the nurse would have †¦ Other possible results of a lack of self awareness on the part of a nurse include †¦ (Brown, & Green, 2009). It is therefore clear that poor self awareness on the part of a nurse can severely influence the development of a therapeutic relationship which can adversely affect the outcomes for the patient. In conclusion, this essay has demonstrated the importance of nurses having good self awareness if they are to develop effective therapeutic relationships with their patients. The main methods for developing self awareness were reviewed, including †¦ When nurses have developed good self awareness, there are benefits for patients, nurses and health organisations, including †¦ However, if nurses do not have good self awareness, possible adverse influences on the therapeutic relationship and on patient outcomes can include †¦ Thus, it is undeniable that self awareness is a significant skill that nurses need to acquire. Reflection (200 words) There has been an enormous change in my perception of the role and function of nurses since I started university. I initially regarded registered nurses as mainly providers of medication who comfort patients in pain. Moreover, I always thought that patients would be cordial to nurses. The idea that nurses could face violent patients was totally new to me. However, I now comprehend that nurses need to employ effective communication strategies to  coordinate the care of patients and also deal with the possible threat of aggressive patients. As a result of this learning, I have realised that I do not know how to deal with aggressive patients, so I will attend a workshop to start developing skills in this area. I was always under the impression that nurses went into hospital wards and directly commenced treatment. On the contrary, from readings that I have done, I understand that it is important to obtain patient permission before commencing treatment. Some patients make decisions about treatments themselves, while others might consult with family members. This could be for cultural reasons, but I have realised that I lack knowledge about other cultures. Therefore, I will try to learn more about the different cultures of the people with whom I work and study. Andre, K., & Heartfield, M. (2011). Nursing and Midwifery Portfolios: Evidence of Continuing Competence. Chatswood, NSW: Elsevier. Bulman, C., & Schutz, S. (2013). Reflective Practice in Nursing. Chichester, UK: WileyBlackwell. Dempsey, J., & Wilson, V. (2009). Thoughtful Practice: Self-awareness and reflection. In J. Dempsey, J. French, S. Hillege, & V. Wilson (Eds.) Fundamentals of Nursing and Midwifery. Broadway, NSW: Wolters Kluwer. Johns, C. (2009). Becoming a Reflective Practitioner. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Timmins, F. (2008). Making Sense of Portfolios: A Guide for Nursing Students,Nursing Students. Maidenhead, UK: Open University Press. Usher, K., & Holmes, C. (2010). Reflective practice: what, why and how. In J. Daly, S. Speedy, & D. Jackson (Eds.) Contexts of Nursing. Chatswood, NSW: Elsevier

Friday, November 8, 2019

French Listening Comprehension and Practice Exercises

French Listening Comprehension and Practice Exercises If youd like to improve your French listening comprehension skills, the exercises below can help you better grasp the language. They  include  a French sound file with a study guide, quiz, transcript and translation. Altogether, there are more than 100 listening exercises  on this site, ranging from simple dialogues to in-depth listening comprehension exercises. The most popular pages offer practical advice or discuss someone or something famous. The French Language Accents de FranceFrench varies from country to country and from region to region. Learn about some of the accents you might encounter in France in this audio report from  LaGuinguette. French in France Introduction to French in France (dialects and standard French) and the  Dictionary of French Regionalisms. PatoisDiscussion about dialects in France and the two main points of view on their linguistic status. The Patois of Vendà ©ePresentation of some characteristics of the French patois spoken in Vendà ©e. Patois and Regional CharacteristicsDo regional differences in dialect reflect regional differences in mentality? Beginning French DialoguePractice your French listening ability with this beginning-level French dialogue featuring greetings and introductions and your choice of speeds: regular and slow. (Camille Chevalier Karfis) The Scary HouseBeginning level of  Les portes tordues, a bilingual audiobook for beginning to intermediate students. (Kathie Dior) The Twisted DoorIntermediate level of  Les portes tordues, a bilingual audiobook for beginning to intermediate students. (Kathie Dior) The CemetaryIntermediate level of  Les portes tordues. (Kathie Dior) Greetings and IntroductionsPractice your French listening ability with this beginning-level French dialogue featuring greetings and introductions and your choice of speeds: regular and slow. (Camille Chevalier Karfis) Number Practice Learning to count in French is one thing - its fairly easy to memorize  un,  deux,  trois. Its another matter entirely to be able to think of a number without counting up to it, or to understand individual numbers when you hear them. Fortunately, practice makes perfect, and these sound files can help you to get better at understanding and using French numbers with random number generators. (Laura K. Lawless) Who said no? Intermediate level of  Les portes tordues. (Kathie Dior) Politics and Social Issues Riots in FranceOn 27 October 2005, riots began in a Parisian suburb and quickly spread across France and even to neighboring countries. In this three-part discussion, a reporter discusses the riots with two neighborhood elders in Clichy-sous-Bois who are trying to calm down the situation. Sà ©golà ¨ne Royal - prà ©sidente?Sà ©golà ¨ne Royal is a socialist who  worked hard to become Frances first female president. Learn about her platform and her struggle in this discussion. LETA et le Pays BasqueIntroduction to the history behind the ETA, the Basque separatist movement. Le CPEIn January 2006, the French government passed a labor reform law that sparked off protests around the country. Learn about the CPE and why it was so distasteful to French students and workers. MitterrandJanuary 2006 marked the 10-year anniversary of the death of Franà §ois Mitterrand, the first and so far only socialist president of France. Learn about Mitterrand and some of the people who loved him. French Culture Graffiti Graffiti does not necessarily equal vandalism. Its a means of personal and even artistic expression. Learn about some of the people and techniques behind graffiti. Le jardin des TuileriesLearn about the famous Parisian park, le jardin des Tuileries, as you work on your listening comprehension with this three-part discussion. Cest de lamour và ©ritable!Old age does not have to mean the end of living, or even loving. In this interview, a 90-year-old man shares his thoughts on how to get the most out  of life and love, at any age. La loi EvinLearn about the regulation of advertising of alcohol in France, and the reasoning behind it. Tourism, Shopping,  Travel Dining Out lhà ´tel ~ At the Hotel  Beginning-level French dialogue between a hotel receptionist and guest.   Le viaduc de Millau  Le viaduc de Millau  was completed in 2004. Learn about its construction and safety mechanisms. Au magasin ~ At the storeBeginning-level French dialogue between a customer and storekeeper. Au restaurant ~ At the Restaurant  Beginning-level French dialogue between a waiter and customer. Breakfast ~ Le petit dà ©jeuner  Beginning-level dialogue between a customer and waiter at breakfast.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

The Hunger Games Example

The Hunger Games Example The Hunger Games – Book Report/Review Example Lecturer Review of The Hunger Games The Hunger Games entails a science fiction literary work, ed by Suzanne Collins in 2008.The voice is based on the direct experience of the 16 years old character called Katniss Everdeen. Katniss resides within the post-apocalyptic region of Panem, located in North America. The Hunger Games entails a yearly event where a boy and a girl, between 12 and 18, are selected to participate in a televised death battle. The review analyzes the experiences of the main character in the fictional work. Everdeen volunteers to participate in the Hunger Games, on behalf of her sister, despite the risks involved. This shows that she is full of passion and love for her family members. "As I hike along, I feel certain Im still holding the screen in the Capitol, so Im careful to continue to hide my emotions† (Collins 165) illustrates the attention that Katniss got during the Hunger Game. Katniss is a physically and mentally competent person, who has adequate str ength to defend herself from anger. She has superior hunting and survival abilities, which enable her overcome harm during the competition. Katniss is showed as a concerned character during the Hunger Games. She engages in looking for Peeta, when the game rules are reviewed to accommodate couple participation. She manages to locate Peeta in a hiding location. The main character also has adequate nursing knowledge. This is illustrated when she takes care of him until full recovery. Katniss is a good performance artist. She manages to act effectively through convincing the audience that she is falling in love, with the main intention of securing gifts from the sponsors and gaining favor from the audience. During the grand finale, she threatened to commit suicide. But the game makers address the issue by declaring Katniss and Peetas the 74th Hunger Games winners. â€Å"I bite my lip, feeling inferior† (Collins 142) explains that she didn’t like being subjected to cruel tr eatment, like fighting in public.Work CitedSuzanne, Collins. The Hunger Games. Scholastic Press. 2010. Print.

Monday, November 4, 2019

Personal Mission Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Personal Mission Statement - Essay Example On arrival, we found my grandfather sitting under a tree in the convalescent home waiting for us. My father looked lonely and forlorn. Before going to the elderly home, my grandfather looked lively and vibrant in life. This fact made me to start wandering what had happened of my grandfather; it was actually my first day to see my grandfather since he went to live in the convalescent home. On seeing us, my grandfather immediately blossomed with life again and he looked quite happy. After talking with my grandfather for a while, I inquired from him how life was in the nursing home and how they were being treated. My grandfather told us that, although they were getting all the physical necessities of life in the nursing home, emotionally and spiritually they were not being taken care of well. For instance, my grandfather told us that rarely did the workers of the nursing home talk with them individually. For this reason, my grandfather told us that most of the time they are lonely in th e nursing home. This incident made me to resolve to commit my whole life in serving the elderly people. In serving the elderly, I will observe the following values and principles. Secondly, I will serve the elderly with love and compassion. Having realised that the main problem that the elderly face in nursing homes is lack of love and compassion, I will show them love and compassion. I will spare my personal time to have individual conversations with the elderly as a way of showing them and compassion. Thirdly, I will serve the elderly fairly, without discriminating against them on racial, religious, political, social, or any other ground. Fairness will actually be one of the most important values that will guide my relationship with the elderly. Also, I will treat the elderly with integrity. Experience has taught me that in most cases, the elderly are not treated with integrity. Many people don’t treat the elderly with integrity because they think that

Friday, November 1, 2019

The challenger space shuttle 1986 Research Paper

The challenger space shuttle 1986 - Research Paper Example ing a joint on the right firm rocket booster, which permitted pressurized hot gases plus finally blaze to â€Å"blow by† the O-ring making contact with the neighboring tank, and eventually leading to structural failure. Thus the failure of the 2 rubber O-rings was found to be from a faulty design, whose functioning could be very easily have been compromised by factors comprising of the very low temperatures on the sunrise of the fateful day of the launch. There were specific individuals at NASA as well as amongst contractors who were worried about the reliability of the fasteners on the firm rocket boosters in such cold weather (Henry, 2004). The report broadly pointed out the contributing causes such as the failure of both Morton Thiokol as well as NASA to adequately respond to the risk posed by the poor joint design. Instead of redesigning the joint, both parties defined the issue as a tolerable flight

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Foreigners Changing China, 1850-1980 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Foreigners Changing China, 1850-1980 - Essay Example This particular frame of mind can be considered as the main cause of their resistance in adopting other cultures and their values for millennia. They assumed that they are self sufficient in all forms of society and do not require foreign intrusion. But in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century China has undergone various changes in many parts of their core infrastructures that include politics, language, economics, culture and society. This is believed to be largely under the influence of the foreign countries such as USA and Britain. So what are the basic forms of modifications that have been implemented and what has caused these changes to take place that was resisted before for such a long time? Answer to this question is the main notion of this discussion. Among all the considerable changes that were brought up by the foreign influence, changes in the politics are most important and should be emphasized in detail. Ancient Chinese Society: To understand or clearly apprec iate any change we need to view the original form that was present before that modification was made. As we know from history that China was considered as a kingdom led by the emperors. These emperors and their dynasties were not chosen on their relationship to the people of China but their origin was more religious and mythical (Foster 2010). Any ruler or dynasty corrupted with the evil will be reflected upon by the nature’s anger in the form of earthquake floods or droughts indicating the change were imminent (Kornberg et al 2004). This was in contrast to the west where democracy was laying foundation of a strong government bodies. Despite China’s ruling being based on such religious foundations, it continued for a very long time. Starting from the Hans dynasty in 206 BC it remained intact until Qing dynasty collapsed in 1911 (Zinzius 2004). Arguably there needs to be a solid bond that united this nation on single platform. By looking at a bigger prospective it can b e concluded that the main reason for sustenance of such establishment can be traced back to the strong social values that hold the structure together for centuries. No other nation has ever been close to signify the theme of middle kingdom like Chinese did for centuries. They were proud of their existence in the middle while the rest of the humanity revolves around them and learn from them (Ford 2010). There is no doubt that the social system in these ancient dynasties was more localized on the families and tribe as a distinct entity rather than on a single individual. So there was a strong concept of nuclear family and relationships were given highest regards. From the economic point of view China was a self sufficient civilization. Most of the Chinese emperors were not open for trades with the western world because of the hierarchical system in China. The theme of middle kingdom were so deep rooted that they considered that no one else is worthy of given an equal status to them. A lthough in the nineteenth century there was a great demand of China’s silk, spices and other items among the western consumers. Similarly westerns also wanted to introduce some of their unique items and offered many trade agreements to the emperors during that time but all were put down. As we know that trade creates a great influence on any society but China was virtually immune to it. Therefore, no significant foreign influence was detected in the Chinese empire due to their isolation from the rest of the world. Foreign Penetration and changes in the Politics: The difference between China’

Monday, October 28, 2019

Fashion Industry Essay Example for Free

Fashion Industry Essay This summer it is boho chic. Last summer, it was preppy sailor simplicity. In the late 90s it was the grunge look. Yellow is the new black. Jeans are the new business casual. And on. And on. Yes, I am writing of fashion trends. The latest look, style, and color floods the covers of magazines, the shelves of retailers from Saks to H M, the bodies of celebrities and television characters and, undoubtedly, is able to get enough of us to buy into it (literally and figuratively) to validate the whole cycle. So, while most of us are easily able to grasp this continuously perpetuating cycle of saturating the public with the latest, greatest duds, questions remain: how does a trend start? Who makes this decision? Why does it work? Well, to be perfectly honest, there is no definitive answer to the myth that is a fashion trend. But, while the exact formula is beyond the consumer, we can be sure that it takes the work of several different interdependent fashion industry professions to convince us that espadrilles, suspenders, and terry-cloth suits are worthy of our dollars and donning. Fashion designers gather their inspiration, whether it comes from popular culture, music, politics, a celebrity muse, or something else entirely. Then, they design usually a spring and fall collection. With a slew of inspired, perfectly crafted designs ready to hit the runway, they show their collections. It could possibly be said that the trend begins at the fashion show. Fashion writers, buyers, photographers and celebrities line the runways, waiting to take in, criticize and praise the designers work. Writers go back to their offices and verbally comment on the design they have seen. If a collection is deemed great, the editor may be persuaded to feature the clothing on the cover of the months issue. This is also influenced by fashion publicists professionals who are paid to get the designers duds in front of larger audiences. Thus, we read about the latest fashion trend. Photographers snap photos as the models parade down the runway and sell them to parties interested in the designers work. The photos show up in newspapers, industry magazines, fashion magazines and various other media outlets. Thus, we see the latest fashion trend. Buyers, if impressed, order pieces that their clientele will be willing to pay hundreds or thousands to own. Other designers, those focused on mass production of more affordable versions of the latest trend, gather their inspiration here too. Thus, we can purchase the latest fashion trend. So, as you can see, it is impossible to pinpoint exactly how a fashion becomes a trend. What you can know, with certainty, is that it took many professionals in the fashion industry to get you to the cash register with your bohemian-inspired peasant blouse.